{"id":"W3045997741","doi":"10.1103/physrevlett.125.264801","title":"Proton Bunch Self-Modulation in Plasma with Density Gradient","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Physical Review Letters","topic":"Laser-Plasma Interactions and Diagnostics","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":16,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"TRIUMF","funders":"Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia; H2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions; Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Norges Forskningsråd; National Research Foundation of Korea; Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung; CERN; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; Science and Technology Facilities Council; National Research Council Canada; National Research Foundation; European Commission; National Science Foundation; TRIUMF; Leverhulme Trust; Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung","keywords":"Plasma; Proton; Modulation (music); Physics; Atomic physics; Phase (matter); Density gradient; Nuclear physics; Quantum mechanics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00003733151,0.0001426629,0.0002529238,0.0000150924,0.00003963986,0.00002440232,0.00008056487,0.000004622999,0.00009345292],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001284062,0.0001089325,0.00008252534,0.0002167952,0.00001796059,0.0001348508,0.00002655359,0.0001784097,0.0003190169],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003153848,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0000168814,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00007683434,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000003360516,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992288,0.00004306846,0.0001696818,0.000238734,0.0001483547,0.0001714152],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995657,0.00008667261,0.0000845207,0.0001350384,0.00003108552,0.00009703827],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0003741803,0.007003492,0.8195516,0.008796031,0.0006391743,0.0001599178,0.004333917,0.03421569,0.01747959,0.0242241,0.0519445,0.03127784],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.008874409,0.002004074,0.1603696,0.01288979,0.001312562,0.00001831807,0.000264203,0.346488,0.04363066,0.00217927,0.4175957,0.004373441],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9898588,0.00001114295,0.00109076,0.007560651,0.00003424944,0.000771007,0.000007019682,0.00003281308,0.0006335655],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9957367,0.00003230731,0.0003470997,0.003454739,0.0002197613,0.0001642049,0.00002913238,0.00001300372,0.000003096492],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.659182,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.444214,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01277019970694314,"score_gpt":0.2577831191305469,"score_spread":0.2450129194236037,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}