{"id":"W3048406336","doi":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127866","title":"Effect of Fe2+ ions on gypsum precipitation during bulk crystallization of reverse osmosis concentrates","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Chemosphere","topic":"Membrane Separation Technologies","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":41,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"Concordia University","funders":"KU Leuven","keywords":"Gypsum; Crystallization; Precipitation; Supersaturation; Chemistry; Nucleation; Classical nucleation theory; Citric acid; Reverse osmosis; Salt (chemistry); Inorganic chemistry; Desalination; Membrane; Fouling; Chemical engineering; Mineralogy; Materials science; Metallurgy; Organic chemistry","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000076592,0.00009896548,0.0001586289,0.000004937216,0.00003881005,0.000006131235,0.0001470105,0.00007225637,0.001570213],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002907577,0.00008988608,0.00004361281,0.0002682822,0.0001244127,0.0001227613,0.00005846022,0.00006423018,0.00007563327],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000519142,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000005372359,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00001976179,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000004140346,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992537,0.00003941033,0.0002100684,0.0001965588,0.0001962636,0.0001039367],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995424,0.00007880569,0.0001617995,0.0001669835,0.00001171941,0.00003833269],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001268262,0.00003704834,0.01187509,0.000228624,0.00001204064,9.666653e-7,0.0005198583,0.0138644,0.9700064,0.0000784837,0.001292356,0.001957887],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003959551,0.0002848645,0.00398335,0.00003561682,0.00001456506,2.773479e-7,0.0001305527,0.001201023,0.9936135,0.00003867216,0.0002249536,0.00007661076],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9946892,0.00002361031,0.0002032015,0.0002877017,0.00002782986,0.0002828992,0.000006518767,0.00007695059,0.004402054],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9991766,0.00002840773,0.000581987,0.00004005351,0.000008187659,0.00001241067,0.00001146502,0.000009159158,0.0001316822],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.02360714,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9993425,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.008732379253705085,"score_gpt":0.2274626130560832,"score_spread":0.2187302338023781,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}