{"id":"W3071879207","doi":"10.1016/s2214-109x(20)30278-3","title":"Mapping geographical inequalities in access to drinking water and sanitation facilities in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000–17","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The Lancet Global Health","topic":"Child Nutrition and Water Access","field":"Nursing","cited_by":188,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"NIH Clinical Center; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; National Institute on Aging; Research Management Centre, International Islamic University Malaysia; Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, National University of Singapore; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre; Centre for Heart Rhythm Disorders, University of Adelaide; Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; Direktorat Jenderal Pendidikan Tinggi; Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Sydney Medical School; Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia; Medical Research Council; Đại học Quốc gia Hà Nội; School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town; McDonnell Center for Systems Neuroscience; Seqirus; Adigrat University; George Institute for Global Health; Alfaisal University; Laboratório Associado para a Química Verde; Western Sydney University; Mahatma Gandhi University; ARC Centre of Excellence for Children and Families over the Life Course; Duke Kunshan University; Samara University; Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University; Fogarty International Center; Lembaga Pengelola Dana Pendidikan; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University; Kurdistan University Of Medical Sciences; National Institute of Child Health and Human Development; Lorestan University of Medical Sciences; Alborz University of Medical Sciences; Universitas Hasanuddin; University Of Nigeria Nsukka; Alexandria University; Mekelle University; Defence Science Institute; Xiamen University; University of Zanjan; Uniwersytet Opolski; Universitas Airlangga; Tanta University; Zanjan University of Medical Sciences; University of Gondar; Universitas Sebelas Maret; Leibniz-Gemeinschaft; University of Sulaimani; University of the Philippines; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Secretaria Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología; Tarbiat Modares University; Yasuj University of Medical Sciences; Cairo University; Lunds Universitet; Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Oulun Yliopisto; Universidade Federal de Goiás; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Menzies Institute for Medical Research; Babol University of Medical Sciences; Universidade de São Paulo; Universidad del Valle; Autoritatea Natională pentru Cercetare Stiintifică; University of New South Wales; Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences; Birjand University of Medical Sciences; University of South Carolina; Qazvin University of Medical Sciences; Universitair Medisch Centrum Groningen; Haramaya University; Hamadan University of Medical Sciences; Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences; Inyuvesi Yakwazulu-Natali; University College London; Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia; Kuwait University; Universidade de Macau; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; European Regional Development Fund; Karolinska Institutet; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico; Cochrane South Africa; Imperial College London; Public Health England; University of Toronto; Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen; Fundación Valle del Lili; Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit; Public Health Foundation of India; Bauman Moscow State Technical University; Dalhousie University; University of Colombo; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Central South University; Universidad Nacional de Colombia; Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats; Federation University Australia; University of Haifa; Sistema Nacional de Investigadores; National Institutes of Health; Wollega University; National University of Singapore; Banaras Hindu University; Kyung Hee University; U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs; Kosin University; Rijksuniversiteit Groningen; Sharif University of Technology; Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University; Universitetet i Bergen; Ministarstvo Prosvete, Nauke i Tehnološkog Razvoja; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute; King Saud University; College of Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota; Fakultet Medicinskih Nauka, Univerziteta U Kragujevcu; Shiraz University of Medical Sciences; Ain Shams University; Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung; Fundação Oswaldo Cruz; Universidad de Costa Rica; Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior; James Cook University; Universiti Sains Malaysia; March of Dimes Foundation; Curtin University of Technology; University of South Australia; Deakin University; Boston Scientific Corporation; Ateneo de Manila University; Taipei Medical University; Cleveland Clinic; Universitatea din București; University College Cork; Public Health Agency; Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais; Nanyang Technological University; Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana; Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India; Kaiser Permanente; London South Bank University; Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences; La Trobe University; Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri - IRCCS; National Heart Foundation of Australia; Uniwersytet Łódzki; Maragheh University of Medical Sciences; Binzhou Medical University; Universitetet i Oslo; University of Dhaka; University Grants Commission; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster; Indian Council of Medical Research; Johns Hopkins University; University of Warwick; Università degli Studi di Sassari; McMaster University; University of Leicester; Department of Health and Social Care; Erasmus Universitair Medisch Centrum Rotterdam; British Heart Foundation; University of Calcutta; Universidad ICESI; Univerza v Ljubljani; National Research Foundation; University of Queensland; University of Health and Allied Sciences; A.T. Still University; Manipal Academy of Higher Education; National Institute for Health and Care Research; Shiraz University; King's College London; Quaid-i-Azam University; Jordan University of Science and Technology; Hamad Bin Khalifa University; Syddansk Universitet; Yale University; Jimma University; Harvard University; Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum; Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland; South African Medical Research Council; Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung; Tribhuvan University; University of Embu; Högskolan i Borås; Universiteit Stellenbosch; United Nations Population Fund; Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences; Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa; Novavax; Universitas Negeri Semarang; Baki Dövlət Universiteti; European Commission; Ahmadu Bello University; Division of Mathematical Sciences; Aksum University; University of Tabriz; Unitatea Executiva pentru Finantarea Invatamantului Superior, a Cercetarii, Dezvoltarii si Inovarii; Wachemo University; Amirkabir University of Technology; Sanofi; University of Oxford; Wellcome Trust; Chandigarh University; Instituto De Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto; Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences; Jazan University; Griffith University; Arak University of Medical Sciences; Tulane University; Iran University of Medical Sciences; Brien Holden Vision Institute; Amarin Corporation; Amgen; Public Health Agency of Canada; Trường Đại học Duy Tân; Queensland Health; Universidade do Porto; Australian Government; Bahir Dar University; University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center; Sheffield Hallam University; University of Bern; Delhi Technological University; Helsingin Yliopisto; Bristol-Myers Squibb; University of Waterloo; University of Tasmania; Teva Pharmaceutical Industries; Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development; Universidad El Bosque; University of Bath; University of Baghdad; Bournemouth University; Directorate for Biological Sciences; Debre Markos University; University of Central Florida; Islamic Azad University; Case Western Reserve University; Hamad Medical Corporation; University of Minnesota; University of Technology Sydney; York University; Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior; Ball State University; Foundation for Advancement of International Medical Education and Research; Universiteit Utrecht; Flinders University; Central University of Technology; Emory University; Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences; AstraZeneca; Aarhus Universitet; University of Cape Town; Khalifa University of Science, Technology and Research; National Authority for Scientific Research and Innovation; University of Ottawa; University of Oklahoma; Center for Stroke Research Berlin; Monash University; Washington University in St. Louis; GlaxoSmithKline; University of Twente; Australian Catholic University; Universitatea de Medicină şi Farmacie \"Carol Davila\" Bucureşti; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; An-Najah National University; Pomorski Uniwersytet Medyczny W Szczecinie; Università degli Studi di Milano; Injury Prevention Research Center; Pfizer; Universitas Indonesia; Salahaddin University-Erbil; Kasturba Medical College, Manipal; Birmingham City University","keywords":"Sanitation; Inequality; Low and middle income countries; Low income; Geography; Environmental health; Socioeconomics; Business; Developing country; Economic growth; Economics; Medicine; Environmental science; Mathematics; Environmental engineering","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005988046,0.0001686516,0.0004249566,0.0001176835,0.0001702997,0.0002751298,0.0002393941,0.00006318332,0.00001310551],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000398419,0.000124487,0.00002128539,0.0003907744,0.00009926395,0.0003300677,0.000184304,0.0002292875,0.000004715921],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002123761,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0000278549,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.003327799,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.005200976,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9982377,0.0002525558,0.0004448814,0.0003021261,0.0002173949,0.0005453357],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995162,0.0000923769,0.00005760757,0.0001443852,0.0000306021,0.0001587643],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000656635,0.00002016095,0.9722268,0.001245609,0.000006681052,0.000006402129,0.02427876,0.00004517049,0.000003476629,0.0007517062,0.0002525413,0.0005060867],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001893896,0.0001311175,0.9841803,0.001301915,0.000002652955,0.00001089001,0.001495614,0.0003143447,0.00005473973,0.006813725,0.003588718,0.0002120999],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8879104,0.0007962038,0.00003730252,0.1103508,0.0001551669,0.0004734171,0.0001018123,0.00006632614,0.0001085558],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9793638,0.0002312462,0.00008288908,0.02002092,0.000233375,0.00002055758,0.00003155211,0.000008959921,0.000006695971],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.09145335,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5076433,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.05170853455168228,"score_gpt":0.3263841266611968,"score_spread":0.2746755921095145,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). 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