{"id":"W3082578903","doi":"10.5539/ijb.v12n3p27","title":"Ants Can Add Up Using Learned Numeric Symbols","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Journal of Biology","topic":"Cognitive and developmental aspects of mathematical skills","field":"Mathematics","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Conditioning; Simple (philosophy); Arithmetic; Computer science; Artificial intelligence; Formicoidea; Carry (investment); Mathematics; Communication; Ecology; Biology; Statistics; Psychology; Epistemology; Hymenoptera; Aculeata; Philosophy","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001860286,0.0003864823,0.0001773906,0.0001961486,0.0001737978,0.000735193,0.0003576381,0.0003979414,0.004619963],"category_scores_gemma":[0.002350047,0.000183663,0.0001736521,0.00009392441,0.0008344726,0.0005954672,0.001036353,0.0007156538,0.000864075],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001555975,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002628644,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0004902005,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001033918,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9998305,0.00002542949,0.000009826377,0.00004435277,0.00006327043,0.00002662155],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9987983,0.000370465,0.0003044505,0.0002509766,0.0001014728,0.0001743595],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0007597189,0.0002991033,0.02789638,0.0004303924,0.00005437195,0.000704526,0.001520793,0.008101551,0.794399,0.00589833,0.0008341008,0.1591018],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002785696,0.005707168,0.2526951,0.000195808,0.0001271381,0.002685506,0.001857063,0.06216325,0.596619,0.03173359,0.04574151,0.0001962271],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9868857,0.0000437618,0.004928582,0.00009034285,0.00001470081,0.00001092189,0.00002323538,0.0002407007,0.007762037],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9881002,0.0000593465,0.007092747,0.00003970074,0.000004000648,0.00001288712,0.00007617059,0.00002887538,0.004586191],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.004619963,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.01545531,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.1089899849440378,"score_gpt":0.3842642463881148,"score_spread":0.275274261444077,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}