{"id":"W3083886265","doi":"10.3389/fenrg.2020.00208","title":"Processing, Carbonization, and Characterization of Lignin Based Electrospun Carbon Fibers: A Review","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Frontiers in Energy Research","topic":"Electrospun Nanofibers in Biomedical Applications","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":74,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Guelph","funders":"Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Ontario Ministry of Research, Innovation and Science; Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs","keywords":"Lignin; Carbonization; Materials science; Electrospinning; Carbon nanofiber; Nanofiber; Renewable energy; Carbon fibers; Cellulose; Supercapacitor; Pulp and paper industry; Nanotechnology; Carbon nanotube; Chemical engineering; Composite material; Polymer; Chemistry; Organic chemistry; Composite number; Engineering","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00158736,0.0003775946,0.00180566,0.0006797321,0.0001111104,0.00006556873,0.0008139446,0.000420405,0.00002030563],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000194398,0.0003358852,0.0001161594,0.003972939,0.0005567601,0.00009648161,0.000197028,0.0005550157,0.000003050337],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0003993889,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001665977,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00006335329,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000006424469,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9953623,0.0009332093,0.001082417,0.000930595,0.001022757,0.0006687382],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9982433,0.0001444707,0.0004968889,0.0005386514,0.0003649706,0.000211733],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001437524,0.0001348711,0.00003054122,0.05705702,0.00003188926,0.00001331647,0.00005143075,1.966368e-7,0.005830599,0.0003266601,0.006265579,0.9302436],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001596091,0.0001213736,0.000002045692,0.02700288,0.0001284225,0.000006379739,0.0000034187,0.0006077976,0.003659897,0.0002296494,0.9677557,0.0003228609],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.000003841364,0.9943058,0.003804634,0.0003685069,0.000122781,0.0009449095,0.00004308854,0.00005340877,0.0003530549],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.00001175202,0.99015,0.007868203,0.0001108063,0.0001287872,0.0009711956,0.0004593858,0.00008221272,0.0002176074],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9614901,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999093,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02958123641836871,"score_gpt":0.3410209460010876,"score_spread":0.3114397095827189,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}