{"id":"W3084421431","doi":"10.1007/s10664-020-09852-5","title":"Code cloning in smart contracts: a case study on verified contracts from the Ethereum blockchain platform","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Empirical Software Engineering","topic":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":60,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"York University; Queen's University","funders":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; Canadian Network for Research and Innovation in Machining Technology, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Smart contract; clone (Java method); Blockchain; Cryptocurrency; Code (set theory); Source code; Backward compatibility; Cloning (programming); Computer science; Order (exchange); Computer security; Business; Operating system; Programming language; Finance","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.007961136,0.0003562339,0.0003630547,0.001177262,0.002242958,0.001583211,0.001308968,0.002449642,0.002693673],"category_scores_gemma":[0.04370963,0.0003961041,0.0003585904,0.002120258,0.002724217,0.003820108,0.001765743,0.00173864,0.000429972],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001614985,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.002922196,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.008729538,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.01044427,"domain_scores_codex":[0.994022,0.002523708,0.0002840717,0.0004372466,0.002134249,0.0005987834],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9183595,0.06472749,0.004260191,0.007162289,0.004389409,0.001101192],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.002648416,0.004585611,0.4216872,0.001052482,0.0002618264,0.03457987,0.03039893,0.1324721,0.026839,0.09716429,0.008586897,0.2397234],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004334567,0.002110748,0.1675936,0.0006934245,0.0002606231,0.0129181,0.02598399,0.6273397,0.06212264,0.05374289,0.04651503,0.0002858146],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9886841,0.0001093829,0.007960794,0.0003025701,0.000007633348,0.00008449624,0.0001217363,0.0001009426,0.002628261],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9904892,0.00008949842,0.007233199,0.00003925843,0.000004545863,0.0000280409,0.0002152368,0.00005306126,0.001847981],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.008729538,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.04210305,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.05194985740488874,"score_gpt":0.2930333489933576,"score_spread":0.2410834915884688,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}