{"id":"W3091374297","doi":"10.1103/physrevlett.125.141104","title":"Gravitational Test beyond the First Post-Newtonian Order with the Shadow of the M87 Black Hole","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Physical Review Letters","topic":"Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":330,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics; Canadian Institute for Advanced Research; University of Toronto; Perimeter Institute; University of Waterloo","funders":"Los Alamos National Laboratory; Office of International Science and Engineering; National Key Research and Development Program of China; Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico, Tecnológico y de Innovación Tecnológica; Instituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare; Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; Science and Technology Facilities Council; National Nuclear Security Administration; Toray Science Foundation; Institut Périmètre de physique théorique; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare; Junta de Andalucía; Recruitment Program of Global Experts; Russian Science Foundation; National Astronomical Observatory of Japan; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Academy of Finland; Max-Planck-Gesellschaft; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan; National Natural Science Foundation of China; National Research Foundation of Korea; Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades; Nuclear Safety and Security Commission; Ontario Ministry of Research, Innovation and Science; H2020 European Research Council; Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation; Ministero dell’Istruzione, dell’Università e della Ricerca; Generalitat Valenciana; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; China Scholarship Council; Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology; John Templeton Foundation; European Southern Observatory; Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad; Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía; Consejería de Economía, Innovación, Ciencia y Empleo, Junta de Andalucía; Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Academia Sinica; Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India; Department of Science and Technology, Republic of South Africa; Ministero dello Sviluppo Economico; Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute; Associated Universities; Space Telescope Science Institute; Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada; National Research Foundation; Indonesia Toray Science Foundation; Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Académico, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; University of Chicago; Horizon 2020 Framework Programme; Vetenskapsrådet; International Max Planck Research School for Environmental, Cellular and Molecular Microbiology; Smithsonian Institution; U.S. Department of Energy; Kavli Foundation; Leverhulme Trust; European Commission; National Radio Astronomy Observatory; Harvard University; University of Arizona; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; National Institutes of Natural Sciences; Government of Canada; National Aeronautics and Space Administration; Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung; Compute Canada; National Science Foundation","keywords":"Physics; Black hole (networking); Shadow (psychology); Event horizon; Rotating black hole; Metric (unit); Astrophysics; Field (mathematics); Gravitational wave; Gravitational field; Horizon; Classical mechanics; Event (particle physics); Astronomy","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00004853763,0.0001754181,0.0002414977,0.000004154667,0.0002483767,0.00003176675,0.0005112971,0.000004166655,0.00006274333],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002552239,0.00007299241,0.0002119375,0.0004992291,0.000386864,0.00009351523,0.000099321,0.0002631396,0.00008196028],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000009048442,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004215556,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000423681,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000004414655,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9990612,0.00005620862,0.0001798637,0.000200259,0.00030987,0.0001926336],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9989569,0.0003640582,0.0001689934,0.0003428172,0.0001072604,0.00005999281],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"not_applicable","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001153936,0.002786204,0.05756506,0.002144275,0.001494161,0.000003695163,0.01542869,0.09013349,0.05485583,0.322655,0.4384449,0.01437338],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.003717195,0.001316906,0.5030478,0.002740466,0.00305344,6.13077e-7,0.002596864,0.04275291,0.002057734,0.01564382,0.4204202,0.00265206],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"commentary","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.2538584,0.0001835221,0.001345929,0.7426347,0.00002970289,0.0008195048,0.0001342277,0.00001494743,0.0009791029],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9296159,0.00000744116,0.00008626855,0.06971189,0.0004485736,0.00006279145,0.00002506035,0.0000174175,0.00002467926],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.6757575,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2976544,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01075686604596133,"score_gpt":0.2313176843571557,"score_spread":0.2205608183111944,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). 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