{"id":"W3094572108","doi":"10.5194/tc-15-2541-2021","title":"A method for solving heat transfer with phase change in ice or soil that allows for large time steps while guaranteeing energy conservation","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"˜The œcryosphere","topic":"Climate change and permafrost","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":35,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Carleton University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Università degli Studi di Trento; Ministero dell’Istruzione, dell’Università e della Ricerca","keywords":"Discretization; Solver; Mathematical optimization; Convergence (economics); Applied mathematics; Finite volume method; Computer science; Heat transfer; Algorithm; Mathematics; Mechanics; Mathematical analysis; Physics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004741918,0.0001982619,0.000287763,0.00002236266,0.0002659564,0.0001041625,0.0001583537,0.000100654,0.005570176],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000009950994,0.0001303062,0.00009383406,0.0002469573,0.0000231326,0.0002912453,0.000009170489,0.00009127653,0.00001465458],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000009912532,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00009132169,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.009442746,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.6955299,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9987041,0.00008859393,0.0002101049,0.0003445689,0.0001688175,0.0004838008],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9989264,0.0006960172,0.00002750666,0.0002007728,0.00007963394,0.00006969323],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.02722454,0.00215992,0.3392285,0.003270922,0.001119349,0.001002012,0.07721636,0.005452674,0.05788591,0.001223416,0.04269325,0.4415232],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00911029,0.000911534,0.006240523,0.0003929847,0.0001677953,0.00009719424,0.003753178,0.7128896,0.004903483,0.0001512481,0.2606683,0.0007138538],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8010147,0.008432589,0.1654007,0.006477037,0.0006562253,0.002876811,0.01333022,0.0001607916,0.001650932],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9718854,0.0004886812,0.00369897,0.01158338,0.0006941711,0.00030396,0.007460902,0.00005068563,0.003833832],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.707437,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9971535,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.06469967026689562,"score_gpt":0.2850385560664487,"score_spread":0.2203388857995531,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}