{"id":"W3094746761","doi":"10.1021/acs.est.0c04033","title":"Biochar Aging: Mechanisms, Physicochemical Changes, Assessment, And Implications for Field Applications","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Environmental Science & Technology","topic":"Clay minerals and soil interactions","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":598,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China","keywords":"Biochar; Environmental science; Carbon sequestration; Amendment; Soil water; Leaching (pedology); Biochemical engineering; Waste management; Chemistry; Soil science; Pyrolysis; Engineering; Carbon dioxide","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00009189269,0.0001004799,0.0001108328,0.00009136628,0.0004196926,0.00005007636,0.0003714235,0.0000671248,0.0001519639],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000215199,0.00009779931,0.00002309402,0.0003207114,0.0005457771,0.000134684,0.0002544367,0.000102214,0.0000442697],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000781069,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002429577,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000006637838,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000003929856,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9990394,0.000005019427,0.0001195805,0.0004756675,0.0000978396,0.0002625606],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995428,0.00004124549,0.00006562572,0.0002306882,0.000009194728,0.0001104718],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000001337104,0.0000391625,0.0002349649,0.000002894626,0.00000132661,9.829569e-8,0.00003567961,0.000001967562,0.9656684,0.02918036,0.0002150442,0.004618763],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001358244,0.0001555757,0.0006809445,0.000003102972,0.00001132059,0.00001034892,0.0002407974,0.0002916309,0.9718221,0.009322428,0.01718718,0.0001387404],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.7929024,0.0001627547,0.1197296,0.08554402,0.000102393,0.000766311,0.0001742045,0.0002456471,0.0003727075],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9882007,0.00004828867,0.009894911,0.001216228,0.0000598567,0.0005153308,0.00001293429,0.000008310158,0.00004342178],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1952984,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.398814,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01842720287438189,"score_gpt":0.2982609521439331,"score_spread":0.2798337492695512,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}