{"id":"W3096877147","doi":"10.1038/s41467-020-20142-y","title":"Quantifying and addressing the prevalence and bias of study designs in the environmental and social sciences","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Nature Communications","topic":"Species Distribution and Climate Change","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":135,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of New Brunswick; Fisheries and Oceans Canada; Memorial University of Newfoundland","funders":"Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia; Natural Environment Research Council; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto; Koneen Säätiö; U.S. Department of Commerce; Victoria University; Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources; National Marine Fisheries Service; Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment; Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad; Fisheries Research and Development Corporation; Agência Regional para o Desenvolvimento da Investigação, Tecnologia e Inovação; Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior; Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority; Fondation BNP Paribas; BNP Paribas Cardif; Arcadia Fund; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología; Secretaría de Ciencia y Técnica, Universidad de Buenos Aires; Agence Nationale de la Recherche; Comunidad de Madrid; Department of Conservation, New Zealand; Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources; Koninklijk Belgisch Instituut voor Natuurwetenschappen; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico; Grantham Foundation for the Protection of the Environment; U.S. Geological Survey; Portland State University; Bat Conservation International; Victoria University of Wellington","keywords":"Observational study; Credibility; Pairwise comparison; Psychological intervention; Clinical study design; Intervention (counseling); Computer science; Scale (ratio); Research design; Econometrics; Data science; Management science; Statistics; Psychology; Mathematics; Artificial intelligence; Engineering; Geography; Biology; Bioinformatics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":["metaresearch"],"consensus_categories":["metaresearch"],"category_scores_codex":[0.8060791,0.003495554,0.006700118,0.01497393,0.005541389,0.01461138,0.006878131,0.01392997,0.002715953],"category_scores_gemma":[0.9134473,0.00337758,0.008651757,0.01248897,0.02253174,0.01652712,0.01687927,0.008510611,0.0004501349],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.01019491,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0140772,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00351612,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.004354046,"domain_scores_codex":[0.09364109,0.7559612,0.08181073,0.0188226,0.0480154,0.001749025],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.0323194,0.8376155,0.06464034,0.04774274,0.01711608,0.00056598],"domain_codex":"methods","domain_gemma":"methods","domain_candidate":"methods","domain_consensus":"methods","study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.002207876,0.0005078829,0.1795704,0.04490415,0.04315225,0.001040046,0.02357263,0.0231938,0.003333042,0.3318288,0.008175533,0.3385136],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001354454,0.001806631,0.05533805,0.03603849,0.01207154,0.002373039,0.004200651,0.03753557,0.008911557,0.8008552,0.03858759,0.0009272011],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.03948879,0.03108551,0.8880002,0.02171623,0.002451418,0.00732532,0.0008989171,0.0003576157,0.008676],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.4622372,0.005391734,0.507103,0.008253205,0.001100363,0.01473093,0.0004005086,0.0002051022,0.0005779366],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.1939209,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2391391,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.4144104958275149,"score_gpt":0.395297689991162,"score_spread":0.01911280583635289,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}