{"id":"W3096877147","doi":"10.1038/s41467-020-20142-y","title":"Quantifying and addressing the prevalence and bias of study designs in the environmental and social sciences","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Nature Communications","topic":"Species Distribution and Climate Change","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":135,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of New Brunswick; Fisheries and Oceans Canada; Memorial University of Newfoundland","funders":"Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia; Natural Environment Research Council; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto; Koneen Säätiö; U.S. Department of Commerce; Victoria University; Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources; National Marine Fisheries Service; Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment; Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad; Fisheries Research and Development Corporation; Agência Regional para o Desenvolvimento da Investigação, Tecnologia e Inovação; Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior; Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority; Fondation BNP Paribas; BNP Paribas Cardif; Arcadia Fund; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología; Secretaría de Ciencia y Técnica, Universidad de Buenos Aires; Agence Nationale de la Recherche; Comunidad de Madrid; Department of Conservation, New Zealand; Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources; Koninklijk Belgisch Instituut voor Natuurwetenschappen; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico; Grantham Foundation for the Protection of the Environment; U.S. Geological Survey; Portland State University; Bat Conservation International; Victoria University of Wellington","keywords":"Observational study; Credibility; Pairwise comparison; Psychological intervention; Clinical study design; Intervention (counseling); Computer science; Scale (ratio); Research design; Econometrics; Data science; Management science; Statistics; Psychology; Mathematics; Artificial intelligence; Engineering; Geography; Biology; Bioinformatics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00043724,0.00004837942,0.00005415014,0.000008224714,0.0005918936,0.00004994102,0.0004132753,0.00003337457,0.0001481048],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000476269,0.00002944266,0.000008425654,0.0001338027,0.001035125,0.00008469606,0.0004510939,0.0002223606,0.000002034746],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000176923,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000002635409,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00002743083,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0005025804,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9993722,0.0002135113,0.00009198731,0.0001101461,0.0001434848,0.00006859766],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995224,0.000241535,0.00005190417,0.0001696951,0.000001528847,0.0000129387],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000003223896,0.00007635665,0.9809955,0.000008046985,0.000002427295,1.857317e-7,0.01474603,4.472791e-7,0.002088163,0.001165198,0.0001905283,0.0007238759],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00010773,0.00003485305,0.9745626,0.000003600254,0.00001138235,0.000002085458,0.02365751,0.0001614864,0.00002861899,0.00001307651,0.001381002,0.00003600925],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9876955,0.002563422,0.000001190671,0.008874759,0.000005048479,0.0002062221,0.00002232675,0.000004074881,0.0006274661],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9985952,0.000737739,0.00005309417,0.0005936302,0.000003402912,0.00001059184,0.000002816107,0.00000169749,0.000001780316],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.01089976,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4552427,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.4144104958275149,"score_gpt":0.395297689991162,"score_spread":0.01911280583635289,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}