{"id":"W3097319917","doi":"10.1021/acs.est.0c05279","title":"Methane Emissions from Abandoned Oil and Gas Wells in California","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Environmental Science & Technology","topic":"Atmospheric and Environmental Gas Dynamics","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":83,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"Natural Environment Research Council; Sight Research UK; Chevron; GDF Suez; U.S. Department of Energy","keywords":"Methane; Casing; Water well; Methane emissions; Oil well; Environmental science; Plume; Natural gas; Fossil fuel; Idle; Injection well; Petroleum engineering; Environmental engineering; Hydrology (agriculture); Geology; Chemistry; Waste management; Engineering; Meteorology; Groundwater; Geography; Geotechnical engineering","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","sts","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001899471,0.000266468,0.0002698936,0.00003658089,0.0002222066,0.0000222295,0.0006656338,0.0001808969,0.002545578],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00004679098,0.0002482185,0.00003830422,0.0009164386,0.003567997,0.0002970675,0.001309617,0.0003549899,0.0007950685],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0004599623,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001173661,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0004093403,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00002481337,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9976411,0.00002973807,0.0003068728,0.0009322153,0.0004665439,0.0006235104],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999167,0.00002984838,0.000095,0.0003298728,4.946813e-7,0.0003778021],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003217887,0.0001463769,0.4600934,0.000002113364,0.000005371758,0.00005611913,0.0005667049,0.003384016,0.4353508,0.00003408968,0.00006386735,0.100265],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.005307417,0.0009442619,0.6603073,0.00006602169,0.00009744822,0.0001376006,0.007813,0.06903267,0.09041374,0.007153307,0.1559507,0.002776551],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9910278,0.0001757674,0.0004885058,0.005837023,0.00004586518,0.00009406339,0.00001993862,0.00009249326,0.002218564],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9891265,0.0006626492,0.008755825,0.001142209,0.00001691032,0.00002252256,0.000006565997,0.00002170167,0.0002450926],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3449371,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.999997,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.004740082369442985,"score_gpt":0.1892438806142817,"score_spread":0.1845037982448388,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}