{"id":"W3101802699","doi":"10.1177/0048393120967890","title":"Popper and Kuhn: A Different Retrospect","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Philosophy of the Social Sciences","topic":"Philosophy and History of Science","field":"Arts and Humanities","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"York University","funders":"","keywords":"Epistemology; Humanity; Normal science; Enlightenment; Karl popper; sort; Philosophy; Philosophy of science; Value (mathematics); Sociology; Mathematics; Theology","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["sts"],"consensus_categories":["sts"],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001287465,0.00008882485,0.0001471671,0.00002378082,0.001928282,0.00007460983,0.0005010424,0.00001852293,0.0002166463],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000356311,0.00005342725,0.00009773877,0.00009066084,0.004431481,0.0002028702,0.0001216921,0.00009012036,0.000007467869],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001245294,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002171517,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00004433951,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00002878919,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991174,0.00003482591,0.0001301924,0.0002044782,0.0003684723,0.0001445989],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997367,0.00002284522,0.0001043151,0.00006010097,0.00002770015,0.00004831432],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000007027811,0.00001912472,0.0005737158,0.00001556067,0.00000486919,1.835527e-7,0.03479597,3.965927e-7,0.0003865364,0.9628077,0.001200435,0.0001884405],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002895283,0.0004325699,0.0088907,0.00003925791,0.00003722733,9.805331e-7,0.002568972,0.00008953714,0.0003928739,0.9578581,0.02908892,0.0003113006],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.4757917,0.0003779553,0.00000114558,0.1333106,0.0005247995,0.0001233665,0.00002606012,0.00004451163,0.3897999],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9967412,0.000009744382,0.00001068043,0.002035457,0.001071104,0.000001965127,1.330054e-7,0.000002986222,0.000126689],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5209495,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9993711,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.1252862319235103,"score_gpt":0.2618965333639912,"score_spread":0.1366103014404808,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}