{"id":"W3103533936","doi":"10.1371/journal.pgen.1009121","title":"A frog with three sex chromosomes that co-mingle together in nature: Xenopus tropicalis has a degenerate W and a Y that evolved from a Z chromosome","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"PLoS Genetics","topic":"Genetic and Clinical Aspects of Sex Determination and Chromosomal Abnormalities","field":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology","cited_by":49,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"McMaster University; University of British Columbia","funders":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development; Canadian Network for Research and Innovation in Machining Technology, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University; Harvard University; Compute Canada; National Institutes of Health; Marine Biological Laboratory","keywords":"Biology; Genetics; Y chromosome; Heterogametic sex; Chromosome; Testis determining factor; W chromosome; X chromosome; Pseudoautosomal region; Autosome; Population; Sexual differentiation; Karyotype; Evolutionary biology; Gene","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00008596114,0.0002931505,0.0001837742,0.000409288,0.0004498711,0.0002887099,0.0002574356,0.0002790531,0.002009494],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001818166,0.0001852372,0.0002352968,0.0003490384,0.0005107428,0.0004375041,0.0004301874,0.0003534964,0.0003284011],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001996282,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001983772,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001088266,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002254696,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9999,0.00001099371,0.000008173971,0.00004142199,0.00002059794,0.00001874559],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9998115,0.00002208619,0.00009848749,0.00001676954,0.00001261875,0.00003861298],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00008168252,0.00001546184,0.01676699,0.00007462116,0.00001586801,0.0005928582,0.0001795358,0.00006509746,0.9776493,0.0004635682,0.00004583442,0.00404926],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00005228758,0.001116298,0.6104195,0.00007304844,0.0001008017,0.02522326,0.001347838,0.001247381,0.3428675,0.00111753,0.01637339,0.00006122033],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9925854,0.0005496739,0.004187678,0.00007897527,0.00001030026,0.00002108034,0.0002058662,0.00006742087,0.002293624],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9901946,0.0002534835,0.006016513,0.00008643781,0.000006368588,0.00002440538,0.0002918033,0.00001835218,0.003108039],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.002009494,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.006722391,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.03484601716624778,"score_gpt":0.2443335213365645,"score_spread":0.2094875041703167,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}