{"id":"W3106570576","doi":"10.1016/j.jtcvs.2020.07.095","title":"Unmeasured, unknown, and hidden: Confounders are not always in plain sight","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"letter","venue":"Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery","topic":"Cardiac Valve Diseases and Treatments","field":"Medicine","cited_by":5,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"Health Sciences Centre; University of Toronto; Sunnybrook Health Science Centre","funders":"Edwards Lifesciences; Medtronic; Abbott Laboratories","keywords":"Sight; Confounding; Medicine; Internal medicine; Physics; Astronomy","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.009812897,0.0008126338,0.002765279,0.0008253296,0.002901952,0.003388864,0.001511074,0.02949698,0.004416022],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0627969,0.0006059108,0.001057273,0.0009006616,0.003308329,0.006340874,0.001507847,0.03610162,0.00266642],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.002475131,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00353263,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.004534192,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.007612668,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9905657,0.005123826,0.00128663,0.0009977906,0.00155369,0.0004723975],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9542748,0.03769691,0.001856482,0.0009435685,0.003065603,0.002162614],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"not_applicable","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002488913,0.00009303049,0.01320108,0.0003533271,0.0001987609,0.006738342,0.0006940005,0.0001910556,0.0002896735,0.01436554,0.9121113,0.05151496],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005226142,0.0001979187,0.01636779,0.003639251,0.0003794999,0.0177507,0.003668054,0.002951979,0.0005770109,0.1842433,0.769311,0.0003910528],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"commentary","genre_gemma":"commentary","genre_scores_codex":[0.0004248014,0.001579343,0.0001766399,0.992167,0.005054538,0.000002233476,0.00004538924,0.000007484088,0.0005426015],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.01206777,0.004404907,0.0008039421,0.8917583,0.0893377,0.00002262515,0.00005909155,0.0000247366,0.001520938],"genre_candidate":"commentary","genre_consensus":"commentary","teacher_disagreement_score":0.02949698,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.05189615,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.03370449996989885,"score_gpt":0.301142498543203,"score_spread":0.2674379985733042,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}