{"id":"W3107579954","doi":"10.1093/mnras/staa3750","title":"Carbon stars as standard candles – II. The median <i>J</i> magnitude as a distance indicator","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society","topic":"Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":28,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"Institut national des sciences de l'Univers; National Research Council Canada; Canada Foundation for Innovation; British Columbia Knowledge Development Fund; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; University of Hawai'i","keywords":"Physics; Cosmic distance ladder; Astrophysics; Distance modulus; Absolute magnitude; Galaxy; Luminosity; Magnitude (astronomy); Luminosity function; Stars; Small Magellanic Cloud; Large Magellanic Cloud; Asymptotic giant branch; Apparent magnitude; Carbon star; Red-giant branch; Globular cluster","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0009882391,0.0002983325,0.000270282,0.00193441,0.0003424034,0.00091772,0.0005473243,0.000234589,0.002317987],"category_scores_gemma":[0.003273961,0.0001409906,0.0002379037,0.001497095,0.0003938537,0.0007067056,0.0006726127,0.0003379234,0.0007467079],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0004776426,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0003073297,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.005269496,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.008522259,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9993758,0.000081668,0.00004154333,0.0001793133,0.0002599243,0.00006173519],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9984181,0.0002362596,0.0004020824,0.0003554708,0.0004135191,0.0001746062],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0005550228,0.00008191241,0.8107007,0.0001079954,0.0002903039,0.0001051537,0.0001543452,0.02014063,0.0134523,0.009619186,0.004312634,0.1404798],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00003688879,0.0001453219,0.8999299,0.00005511899,0.00004166615,0.0003960574,0.0002127337,0.06274406,0.01707839,0.006777047,0.01249615,0.00008668854],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8911055,0.0006355729,0.0814266,0.0001218143,0.00009741501,0.00005836804,0.002863119,0.0009722285,0.0227193],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.970975,0.00009041767,0.02596205,0.00002237819,0.00002694647,0.00002096303,0.001461066,0.0000556479,0.001385528],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.005269496,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.01047766,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.006333442048402292,"score_gpt":0.1971729002812788,"score_spread":0.1908394582328765,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}