{"id":"W3114189379","doi":"10.1093/cybsec/tyaa023","title":"An empirical study of ransomware attacks on organizations: an assessment of severity and salient factors affecting vulnerability","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Cybersecurity","topic":"Cybercrime and Law Enforcement Studies","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":68,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Laurentian University","funders":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","keywords":"Ransomware; Vulnerability (computing); Computer security; Business; Feeling; Psychology; Computer science; Social psychology; Malware","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0007858184,0.0001539854,0.0004803023,0.00007395483,0.0001561405,0.00004335557,0.0003981678,0.00004698651,0.00001897157],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000231819,0.0001203415,0.00006954211,0.0004159333,0.00006135301,0.000620989,0.00015479,0.0003026912,1.428967e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00005491345,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00009660098,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001430411,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00009739934,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9979348,0.0004251599,0.0006609877,0.0002526985,0.0005884436,0.000137971],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9983743,0.0002014617,0.0004720039,0.0002968505,0.0004643779,0.0001909735],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00005376768,0.002762688,0.9132415,0.00007020548,0.0001329349,0.000009380677,0.08086488,0.0009182588,0.0005385582,0.0004871125,0.0001074344,0.0008132865],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001184415,0.005051471,0.9753463,0.00003194532,0.00006547356,0.000003804539,0.01251487,0.003334629,0.002104308,0.0001719545,0.00003809883,0.00015279],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9892481,0.00002009545,0.01005981,0.0002236799,0.0001156734,0.0002198397,0.000005718668,0.00001885863,0.00008824001],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9984722,0.000009922381,0.001326777,0.0001319102,0.00005048882,6.123784e-7,0.000001229217,0.00000635867,4.791578e-7],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.06835002,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4907383,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.03923186392683956,"score_gpt":0.3825028880056623,"score_spread":0.3432710240788227,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}