{"id":"W3114716663","doi":"10.3390/en14010162","title":"Thermal Treatment of Biomass: A Bibliometric Analysis—The Torrefaction Case","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Energies","topic":"Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":41,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Torrefaction; Biomass (ecology); Waste management; Environmental science; Raw material; Bioenergy; Biofuel; Hydrothermal carbonization; Combustion; Biorefinery; Pulp and paper industry; Pyrolysis; Engineering; Process engineering; Carbonization; Chemistry; Agronomy","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":["bibliometrics"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.007336573,0.0007373147,0.001581082,0.09650457,0.0009659777,0.005376813,0.0008015666,0.0009717381,0.003701326],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0279783,0.0002608757,0.002235041,0.2012762,0.0008463597,0.004232431,0.001702155,0.0005160024,0.0005117403],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.003211261,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.003086349,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.007917023,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.006199875,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9903161,0.002938988,0.001658513,0.0007779341,0.003673406,0.0006350921],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9631492,0.02740171,0.003470382,0.000882675,0.0047231,0.0003728196],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0008675427,0.000524796,0.3103069,0.06868449,0.007321494,0.005515859,0.01457351,0.01197665,0.004449903,0.04018155,0.02813283,0.5074645],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001751563,0.0004254307,0.6372087,0.02204104,0.008005045,0.004867023,0.05767308,0.03130985,0.004258116,0.02948553,0.2041939,0.0003571392],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.7456145,0.1401163,0.01139245,0.006012673,0.0002228281,0.0008181736,0.04004946,0.0002599621,0.05551359],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9240929,0.04838115,0.008861892,0.0003065665,0.0001971362,0.0005258871,0.01623217,0.00005443315,0.001347749],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9034954,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.03879994,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01970395884477714,"score_gpt":0.2276963076499989,"score_spread":0.2079923488052218,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}