{"id":"W3115116643","doi":"10.1109/ictai50040.2020.00087","title":"Deep Learning Ensembles for Hate Speech Detection","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"","topic":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":20,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Regina","funders":"","keywords":"Computer science; Offensive; Artificial intelligence; Class (philosophy); Task (project management); Ensemble learning; Natural language processing; Word (group theory); Speech recognition; Arabic; Embedding; Word embedding; Ensemble forecasting; Machine learning; Pattern recognition (psychology); Linguistics; Mathematics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001855077,0.001599635,0.001127319,0.001243037,0.0005897754,0.000732945,0.001079103,0.0008866853,0.001441902],"category_scores_gemma":[0.003846631,0.0003750169,0.0007448952,0.0007768602,0.0002900436,0.001802204,0.00159199,0.002296106,0.001138272],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0006814614,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0008989614,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.006805127,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.01177779,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991871,0.0001777873,0.00004285989,0.0002285121,0.0001913982,0.0001723888],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9982694,0.0005658676,0.0001313142,0.000288183,0.0006158228,0.0001294483],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0004315509,0.0005837427,0.01713702,0.0001042061,0.0004197486,0.0001631874,0.000204001,0.2951516,0.01391162,0.001957292,0.009234403,0.6607016],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000005359555,0.00009941315,0.001822158,0.00001499766,0.00003875971,0.00003374098,0.00004285671,0.9910372,0.004407858,0.001555557,0.0009293131,0.00001275678],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.5222361,0.003724959,0.4573433,0.0008988195,0.0004604218,0.00013642,0.001202755,0.005339566,0.008657611],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9391806,0.000432229,0.05282307,0.0002429492,0.0001361451,0.00007929082,0.002153534,0.00009788309,0.00485429],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.006805127,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.01353103,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01723717314677962,"score_gpt":0.2247345402335494,"score_spread":0.2074973670867698,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}