{"id":"W3120010412","doi":"10.1111/imig.12808","title":"Immigrant–non‐immigrant wage differentials in Canada: A comparison between standard and non‐standard jobs","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Migration","topic":"Employment and Welfare Studies","field":"Health Professions","cited_by":22,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto; Toronto Metropolitan University","funders":"","keywords":"Immigration; Earnings; Disadvantage; Economics; Labour economics; Demographic economics; Earnings growth; Wage; Human capital; Nexus (standard); Political science; Economic growth","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003250218,0.0002046044,0.000481997,0.0001312454,0.0003304797,0.00003415722,0.0001366572,0.000100391,0.0002753183],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001614582,0.0001871054,0.00005711828,0.0001599026,0.00003505717,0.0001627905,0.0001400731,0.0003642065,0.00001458758],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0008405147,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0007707144,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.7058495,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.9906055,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9977248,0.0001946168,0.0008064694,0.0003435844,0.0005872449,0.000343329],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9987801,0.000357087,0.0002366231,0.0001546765,0.0003827509,0.00008876297],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001237753,0.00002109091,0.9817356,0.00004330504,0.0001030494,0.00002019921,0.004904273,0.00000779041,0.00073999,0.0002679238,0.009150868,0.002882154],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001546867,0.00005089831,0.9687531,0.0003269302,0.00003630883,8.474471e-7,0.005611882,0.0002390571,0.001235593,0.0003706731,0.02162752,0.0002003412],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.983868,0.000330835,0.001189536,0.0118314,0.0009469386,0.0004150658,0.0004858188,0.00002509272,0.0009073341],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9974132,0.0002839159,0.0001158391,0.0003492454,0.0003296919,0.00009110267,0.0004244859,0.00001956739,0.000972938],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.284756,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7629935,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.0340264764894086,"score_gpt":0.3662064069115074,"score_spread":0.3321799304220988,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}