{"id":"W3121133866","doi":"10.34989/swp-2003-6","title":"Valuation of Canadian- vs. U.S.-Listed Equity: Is There a Discount?","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"preprint","venue":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","topic":"Financial Reporting and Valuation Research","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":18,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Valuation (finance); Equity (law); Business; Profitability index; Market value; Pre-money valuation; Financial economics; Equity ratio; Market liquidity; Equity capital markets; Return on equity; Economics; Monetary economics; Accounting; Finance","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001239325,0.0002410902,0.0002409307,0.001734848,0.0009807495,0.003301204,0.0005636589,0.000420726,0.002488294],"category_scores_gemma":[0.008867054,0.00008801465,0.0004249672,0.003201264,0.0006329577,0.001217925,0.0005164069,0.0007029407,0.0001540424],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.01470605,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.004229233,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.7622287,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.862673,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991917,0.00005320947,0.0000239249,0.0000562005,0.0004938826,0.0001810526],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9944355,0.001286238,0.001636113,0.0002126573,0.001884901,0.0005444417],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000771195,0.0001019494,0.8544893,0.000149893,0.0002731009,0.0003630192,0.003047876,0.002131893,0.002003976,0.02100603,0.01082686,0.104835],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001706505,0.00006985061,0.9763612,0.00008712536,0.0001169302,0.0001922691,0.004414349,0.002560655,0.001551248,0.002533848,0.0120314,0.00006415822],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9526425,0.003177787,0.0006787175,0.001862267,0.00007534957,0.00002362272,0.001581565,0.00002299687,0.03993526],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9967123,0.0005967887,0.0002079164,0.0001016161,0.00001758795,0.000001199217,0.0005894498,0.000004859558,0.001768287],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2377713,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4783432,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.1413121691790147,"score_gpt":0.3704720510500036,"score_spread":0.2291598818709889,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}