{"id":"W3121274956","doi":"10.3386/w22712","title":"Tort Reform and Innovation","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"report","venue":"National Bureau of Economic Research","topic":"Medical Malpractice and Liability Issues","field":"Health Professions","cited_by":16,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Tort; Tort reform; Business; Law and economics; Economics; Liability; Finance","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.005269628,0.0002017674,0.000640541,0.002489466,0.001565114,0.004946258,0.0006642764,0.003700294,0.01439502],"category_scores_gemma":[0.03571652,0.0001794958,0.0006576712,0.003475546,0.005798596,0.004220026,0.002848178,0.002651211,0.0006374798],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.007626719,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.007703399,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.01126966,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0122583,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9905993,0.002866882,0.0004058061,0.0009829038,0.002906191,0.002238939],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9628157,0.02049501,0.009710822,0.001423702,0.003353355,0.002201509],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00005441023,0.0002069861,0.04957905,0.0002336828,0.00009318425,0.0001865489,0.001021082,0.004192224,0.000214917,0.8747861,0.0139238,0.05550803],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00009018568,0.0003696534,0.2721017,0.001118586,0.0001518241,0.0005193902,0.003364571,0.00518489,0.0006129743,0.4173389,0.2990659,0.00008143208],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.3125134,0.04955248,0.007900472,0.1894672,0.0005709119,0.000184445,0.0009441389,0.00008951245,0.4387774],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9680431,0.01107172,0.0007534738,0.007431075,0.0009896456,0.00004620823,0.0002433683,0.00001206931,0.01140923],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.01439502,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.05533594,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.6629470688744428,"score_gpt":0.6810931483403279,"score_spread":0.01814607946588509,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}