{"id":"W3121274956","doi":"10.3386/w22712","title":"Tort Reform and Innovation","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"report","venue":"National Bureau of Economic Research","topic":"Medical Malpractice and Liability Issues","field":"Health Professions","cited_by":16,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Tort; Tort reform; Business; Law and economics; Economics; Liability; Finance","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.02023243,0.0001369359,0.0004408118,0.001098117,0.0002836958,0.00001060736,0.0002455995,0.000723416,0.005081153],"category_scores_gemma":[0.01555919,0.0001011448,0.000044345,0.0002654278,0.0003050804,0.0002225021,0.0002566465,0.001431844,0.0006796484],"about_ca_system_candidate":true,"about_ca_system_consensus":true,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.004072219,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.01107404,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.003140172,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0002182364,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9958376,0.0004612017,0.001205018,0.0004062436,0.001674926,0.0004150653],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9898846,0.004183103,0.0005946212,0.0003097776,0.004915528,0.0001124057],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00007569401,0.00003829871,0.004017183,0.0009900675,0.0000774633,0.000001158115,0.0001587631,9.358983e-8,0.00007171719,0.6839083,0.3059741,0.00468722],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003312648,0.00007474258,0.002671562,0.0004950125,0.000007063619,0.000002467118,0.0003661869,0.000006155674,0.00002029843,0.212191,0.7837331,0.0001011767],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.009789363,0.0002560223,0.000002358289,0.01586579,0.0008545261,0.0007526007,0.00008619236,0.00001626645,0.9723769],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.698364,0.006341432,0.0002455097,0.0003325404,0.008513192,0.0005593291,0.0007718054,0.00007267539,0.2847995],"genre_candidate":"other","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.6885747,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.999751,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.6629470688744428,"score_gpt":0.6810931483403279,"score_spread":0.01814607946588509,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}