{"id":"W3121583462","doi":"10.2308/accr.2009.84.2.383","title":"The Performance of Analysts with a CFA® Designation: The Role of Human-Capital and Signaling Theories","year":2009,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The Accounting Review","topic":"Auditing, Earnings Management, Governance","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":81,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Human capital; Equity (law); Accounting; Optimism; Charter; Quality (philosophy); Sample (material); Business; Economics; Econometrics; Actuarial science; Finance; Psychology; Political science; Social psychology","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002543917,0.0001855688,0.0003079773,0.0000437906,0.0007226046,0.0001954342,0.000683392,0.00002083424,0.00003162969],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001186578,0.00008501833,0.00007392469,0.0006335563,0.000253245,0.0006304809,0.000171985,0.0001753149,0.00001069752],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001106362,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001456838,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00007719348,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001788896,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9986151,0.00003931002,0.0004568837,0.000189966,0.0004648362,0.0002339046],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9915641,0.0002173396,0.007504036,0.000439341,0.0002704521,0.000004739334],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00007908111,0.00007346141,0.08017807,0.00408258,0.0002791606,0.000002120605,0.0007971621,0.0003484853,0.003193811,0.3400801,0.0005879808,0.570298],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002550158,0.0005912904,0.5118653,0.04343954,0.005493286,0.00004476157,0.007890036,0.008210689,0.006624198,0.1005724,0.3100321,0.002686262],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9493066,0.04291813,0.0005586258,0.002032052,0.0000316595,0.0006443593,5.632386e-7,0.000042507,0.004465504],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9944269,0.004153594,0.00003714108,0.001018286,0.0002345584,0.0000177021,0.000002049986,0.00001571368,0.00009402465],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5676118,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5557764,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.006654681056760855,"score_gpt":0.2144020793630585,"score_spread":0.2077473983062977,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}