{"id":"W3121595661","doi":"","title":"Benefit Taxes and User Fees in Theory and Practice","year":2004,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Project Muse (Johns Hopkins University)","topic":"Legal and Constitutional Studies","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Taxpayer; Public economics; Government (linguistics); Revenue; Public finance; Economics; Argument (complex analysis); Tax revenue; Tax deferral; Accountability; User fee; Government revenue; Business; Finance; Law and economics; Tax reform; Macroeconomics; Law; State income tax; Political science","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002430722,0.0001046789,0.0001717866,0.002163761,0.0001355565,0.00004060825,0.00008423953,0.00005357898,0.00001042949],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001638492,0.0001165016,0.00002775501,0.001217229,0.0001441023,0.0005965313,0.0001326409,0.0001011207,0.00002057323],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001119195,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004661863,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.05335122,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.01151448,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9994099,0.00001866248,0.0001207194,0.0002721302,0.0000237729,0.0001548684],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996423,0.0001305784,0.00008167278,0.00008809937,0.00002388986,0.00003346044],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001043008,0.00007668486,0.01049044,0.00001343456,0.00004597939,0.00004764476,0.002193361,0.00001836487,5.672801e-7,0.9856494,0.000007971253,0.001351874],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0009850389,0.00005062778,0.00963164,0.00001959405,0.00001264762,0.00001734057,0.0009708876,0.000003792204,0.00001074975,0.001812115,0.986311,0.0001745935],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.4185508,0.0001943581,0.0004650758,0.001151843,0.00007903981,0.0002096217,0.00008510676,0.00003372872,0.5792304],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.901324,0.09771588,0.0006034736,0.0002313416,0.00002413779,0.000001612089,0.00000210011,0.000005912017,0.0000915199],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.986303,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9529526,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.0209125658503367,"score_gpt":0.2117519282979727,"score_spread":0.190839362447636,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}