{"id":"W3121690894","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2247011","title":"Patents and Cumulative Innovation: Causal Evidence from the Courts","year":2013,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"SSRN Electronic Journal","topic":"Intellectual Property and Patents","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":33,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Business; Economics; Econometrics; Actuarial science","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0008633387,0.0001370491,0.0001128293,0.00008075055,0.0004622026,0.0004498141,0.0002466874,0.0000503051,0.0005175861],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0003369247,0.0000807332,0.00003099538,0.000306032,0.00004818842,0.001576255,0.0000997245,0.0009057269,0.0005787936],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001008731,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000158191,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.003540135,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0002710212,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9984388,0.00002831421,0.0002540949,0.0001605712,0.0002553945,0.0008628666],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992017,0.0001126284,0.0001965358,0.0001102596,0.0003704784,0.000008431944],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0006398334,0.0002809864,0.3233984,0.00006906782,0.001328932,0.00002395046,0.00276438,0.0003031054,0.004366656,0.378078,0.05138643,0.2373602],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001061494,0.0001206246,0.07009669,0.0002883848,0.0001195062,0.00007624002,0.002148972,0.01321187,0.0001143675,0.9017516,0.01050727,0.0005029524],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.990085,0.001287453,0.002258562,0.004612616,0.0003132819,0.0002188167,5.740642e-7,0.00002544608,0.001198267],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9950737,0.0004029092,0.0000144217,0.002221547,0.001232866,0.000007662792,0.000006197514,0.00001509934,0.001025582],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5236736,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7439414,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.1040454025876934,"score_gpt":0.2429051993046059,"score_spread":0.1388597967169125,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}