{"id":"W3122238634","doi":"","title":"Simultaneous Signaling in IPOs via Management Earnings Forecasts and Retained Ownership: An Empirical Analysis of the Substitution Effect","year":2004,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"","topic":"Corporate Finance and Governance","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Wilfrid Laurier University; University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Initial public offering; Bivariate analysis; Valuation (finance); Earnings; Affect (linguistics); Substitution (logic); Econometrics; Earnings management; Business; Enterprise value; Sample (material); Economics; Accounting; Actuarial science; Statistics; Computer science; Mathematics; Psychology","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.005284085,0.0006268946,0.001047584,0.001152421,0.0007205145,0.001735917,0.0008989885,0.001236203,0.005264137],"category_scores_gemma":[0.04112977,0.0004803155,0.001056093,0.001507278,0.001484938,0.002274415,0.001578866,0.001704789,0.0004074519],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001556188,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001933244,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.03387189,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.02208158,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9971138,0.001276815,0.000206672,0.0004356969,0.0004760698,0.0004908607],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9205463,0.06141015,0.01212839,0.00269793,0.002093322,0.001123876],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.002018278,0.0007086761,0.906097,0.0001490931,0.0004667678,0.0008869449,0.002158259,0.02299195,0.004417274,0.01443339,0.0005478709,0.04512454],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003268507,0.001335233,0.6783293,0.0000873879,0.001686527,0.001162792,0.003737383,0.2911327,0.005814277,0.01404953,0.002131236,0.0002067502],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.996632,0.00008541945,0.002055452,0.0001194737,0.000003303564,0.00002099075,0.00005995794,0.00001185414,0.001011482],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9988561,0.00007999806,0.0005117533,0.00001749218,0.000006896602,0.000007192304,0.00007195299,0.000002639801,0.00044599],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.03387189,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.06734949,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01339896667221257,"score_gpt":0.2305634061927656,"score_spread":0.217164439520553,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}