{"id":"W3122369420","doi":"","title":"Deterrence effects under Twombly: on the costs of increasing pleading standards in litigation","year":2015,"lang":"en","type":"preprint","venue":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","topic":"Law, Economics, and Judicial Systems","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Queen's University","funders":"Queen's University","keywords":"Pleading; Supreme court; Stylized fact; Economics; Incentive; Argument (complex analysis); Law and economics; Law; Political science; Microeconomics; Keynesian economics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.004574418,0.0009524262,0.001483272,0.001350584,0.00158293,0.004680385,0.001822571,0.004331992,0.008186729],"category_scores_gemma":[0.02772985,0.0008157002,0.001082783,0.0007460237,0.003731508,0.005374299,0.003524725,0.004730741,0.0005535809],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.004212891,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.002665692,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.007088433,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.005490605,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9955017,0.001673031,0.0001978155,0.000609763,0.0009858164,0.001031806],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9642807,0.02098956,0.009924632,0.001983875,0.001271708,0.001549528],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0005768289,0.0007701258,0.007010327,0.0002520707,0.0001085049,0.0008252298,0.0007207918,0.1213288,0.00562533,0.8388256,0.001787825,0.02216852],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0008416008,0.00180055,0.02122296,0.0002391039,0.0002797419,0.0007799497,0.0006198466,0.3015079,0.004136377,0.6596519,0.008651392,0.0002686939],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8350726,0.001101577,0.06159933,0.006927963,0.00005909269,0.0002029082,0.0002893643,0.000133958,0.0946132],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9935964,0.0001953404,0.002531014,0.0003849904,0.00002193406,0.00005251867,0.00001932212,0.000008291478,0.003190064],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.008186729,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.03056675,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.06140602431973239,"score_gpt":0.3114621376476918,"score_spread":0.2500561133279594,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}