{"id":"W3122619496","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1987096","title":"Crime and Enforcement in Immigrant Neighborhoods: Evidence from New York City","year":2012,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"SSRN Electronic Journal","topic":"Crime Patterns and Interventions","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":5,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"Simon Fraser University","funders":"","keywords":"Immigration; Immigration and crime; Criminology; Enforcement; Law enforcement; Demographic economics; Ethnic group; Immigration law; Politics; Political science; Sociology; Law; Economics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0009619225,0.0003810354,0.0005304319,0.002327678,0.004797981,0.002342503,0.001478427,0.001044546,0.003931516],"category_scores_gemma":[0.003564731,0.0005837061,0.0005787263,0.005297212,0.001704899,0.001318136,0.00293938,0.001336174,0.0003723296],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.004223151,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.004781565,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.710042,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.9185925,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9990789,0.0002926969,0.00007410968,0.0001206943,0.0001590827,0.000274566],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9956274,0.0006272546,0.001530744,0.0002828844,0.001051386,0.0008803628],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001657445,0.0003059147,0.9902621,0.00004069122,0.0001041901,0.0001227334,0.004754266,0.00005026967,0.00009931786,0.0001742101,0.001116527,0.002804034],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001265369,0.00003819305,0.9856514,0.00005308262,0.0000515573,0.00002444642,0.01349464,0.00006014269,0.00003798107,0.0000195538,0.0005486888,0.000007587816],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9983834,0.0002501042,0.00002203932,0.0001586964,0.000008561523,0.00001273763,0.0003230547,0.000001015721,0.0008403802],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.997152,0.0005561247,0.00007210291,0.0001418493,0.00001421533,0.00005438649,0.0008343446,0.000003906003,0.001170933],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.710042,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5833312,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.06564598714600832,"score_gpt":0.3489099240175268,"score_spread":0.2832639368715185,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}