{"id":"W3123299410","doi":"10.5539/sar.v10n2p1","title":"Market Participation and Farm Profitability: The Case of Northern Ghana","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Sustainable Agriculture Research","topic":"Agricultural Innovations and Practices","field":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences","cited_by":4,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"United States Agency for International Development","keywords":"Profitability index; Endogeneity; Gross margin; Agricultural economics; Transaction cost; Profit maximization; Agribusiness; Profit (economics); Economics; Production (economics); Profit margin; Business; Sample (material); Agricultural science; Econometrics; Agriculture; Microeconomics; Marketing; Geography","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001636763,0.000115966,0.0001476685,0.00001438579,0.0009215371,0.0002031093,0.0001636853,0.0001045922,0.0003983287],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001091745,0.00003027471,0.00005076293,0.002107375,0.000173266,0.0002533444,0.0002503795,0.0003416357,0.000004156387],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00005404835,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00005039131,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.003222933,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.02083559,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9979908,0.0006707525,0.0002487238,0.0003093245,0.0003083809,0.0004719709],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9958043,0.001252867,0.00009632664,0.0001037541,0.002660834,0.00008190082],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0003405064,0.001844083,0.1000962,0.001169024,0.0003801886,0.005323581,0.006032156,0.00002989698,0.2111496,0.1212569,0.0486889,0.5036889],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002615422,0.0004642552,0.4352213,0.00004436614,0.00005838011,0.0009223631,0.3791813,0.00007333432,0.01098368,0.006215967,0.1661816,0.0003918911],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9793327,0.001057914,9.744582e-7,0.01104286,0.00001943789,0.0004724084,0.00001486795,0.00001942251,0.0080394],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9896154,0.0001064411,0.00003067392,0.00004243801,0.0001539348,0.0000891359,0.00004433335,7.855259e-7,0.009916885],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5032971,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9970316,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.05151722721488958,"score_gpt":0.3401674528846001,"score_spread":0.2886502256697105,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}