{"id":"W3123337473","doi":"","title":"Urbanization in Kazakhstan: Desirable Cities, Unaffordable Housing, and the Missing Rental Marke","year":2018,"lang":"en","type":"preprint","venue":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","topic":"Regional Socio-Economic Development Trends","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Renting; Urbanization; Prosperity; Cost of living; Population; Revenue; Wage; Business; Pace; Government (linguistics); Economics; Economic growth; Geography; Labour economics; Development economics; Finance; Political science","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003226647,0.0001373144,0.0002082668,0.0006710888,0.001786724,0.002000449,0.0001562621,0.0002131784,0.002248785],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0007233346,0.00009887269,0.0002082942,0.002642673,0.001061015,0.0008214547,0.001214953,0.0004631717,0.0001959531],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.002039944,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.002124335,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.05908939,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.09428824,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9996772,0.0001054568,0.00001399154,0.00004043962,0.00003610904,0.0001269176],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996555,0.00007708319,0.0001298949,0.00002123493,0.0000500488,0.00006625705],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001446623,0.00008619712,0.895618,0.0001466061,0.0000597548,0.001343693,0.01829162,0.0013979,0.0009108586,0.03962667,0.007475699,0.03489849],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000005327372,0.00002554574,0.9519953,0.00005030316,0.00002354273,0.0003093481,0.03263414,0.000813055,0.0001790638,0.0030735,0.01087655,0.00001437824],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9883097,0.0005686661,0.0001627709,0.002408859,0.00002943014,0.000003151531,0.000174757,0.000008629026,0.008333949],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9993519,0.0001987092,0.00003767612,0.00005606486,0.00001124581,0.000001115107,0.00007273802,0.000001403989,0.0002690903],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.05908939,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.1174909,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.0454528206175231,"score_gpt":0.3255122655012135,"score_spread":0.2800594448836904,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}