{"id":"W3123337473","doi":"","title":"Urbanization in Kazakhstan: Desirable Cities, Unaffordable Housing, and the Missing Rental Marke","year":2018,"lang":"en","type":"preprint","venue":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","topic":"Regional Socio-Economic Development Trends","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Renting; Urbanization; Prosperity; Cost of living; Population; Revenue; Wage; Business; Pace; Government (linguistics); Economics; Economic growth; Geography; Labour economics; Development economics; Finance; Political science","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.007771323,0.0002634781,0.0004996012,0.0004399189,0.00088053,0.0005874619,0.0007508753,0.0004719561,0.0002557936],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0007072569,0.0002578571,0.00009141533,0.0002531254,0.002560448,0.000259985,0.0008541781,0.001000091,0.000008203899],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.003446583,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00192815,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.003728793,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.01112159,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9962884,0.001008053,0.0006650803,0.0007841613,0.0003514266,0.0009028557],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9979843,0.001027139,0.0002572322,0.0004626268,0.0001023479,0.0001663788],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0009839613,0.000293958,0.3430534,0.0003418383,0.0003178538,0.00005697419,0.06005638,0.003680731,0.000009825057,0.03924051,0.004639383,0.5473252],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.008920022,0.0001266151,0.08970296,0.002127019,0.00004907604,0.00001671951,0.05852647,0.03297696,0.00005674468,0.2155798,0.5891122,0.002805352],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.5485945,0.0005236933,0.000007866155,0.004144259,0.0006721492,0.0009882112,0.0000161521,0.0000498468,0.4450034],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9599088,0.02121255,0.001298076,0.000192164,0.0004979415,0.0001650068,0.00006625468,0.00007666694,0.01658249],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5844729,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999874,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.0454528206175231,"score_gpt":0.3255122655012135,"score_spread":0.2800594448836904,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}