{"id":"W3123617608","doi":"10.1016/j.joule.2020.12.024","title":"Bubbles: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Joule","topic":"CO2 Reduction Techniques and Catalysts","field":"Energy","cited_by":68,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Canada Research Chairs","keywords":"Engineering; Forensic engineering; Law and economics; Political science; Economics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002426889,0.0005880152,0.0009193924,0.001339811,0.001878623,0.006617928,0.001061315,0.00376339,0.008568848],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00602502,0.000355942,0.0004129242,0.0008788971,0.007821441,0.01042484,0.002220846,0.004542382,0.002115404],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001368105,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001001313,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001703927,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002985788,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9983912,0.0004716877,0.00003780188,0.000183796,0.000730912,0.0001845412],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9967203,0.001855398,0.0002324917,0.0002558111,0.0006038587,0.0003321906],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0006560384,0.0001870936,0.001759611,0.002655884,0.0001279448,0.0004559204,0.003664993,0.000526356,0.02008004,0.4310865,0.2386601,0.3001395],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00004579714,0.0002499961,0.001082371,0.001054222,0.00007190693,0.0007586558,0.004093956,0.0006751692,0.01549054,0.1640474,0.8123173,0.0001127135],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.01910479,0.7529685,0.01167223,0.1461931,0.01662636,0.00003588946,0.0001518777,0.0004103791,0.05283683],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.4283078,0.3977702,0.01226135,0.04140741,0.01921935,0.0001068048,0.0002017629,0.001023927,0.0997014],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.008568848,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.02866566,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.008265662084110798,"score_gpt":0.2314935579553521,"score_spread":0.2232278958712413,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}