{"id":"W3123839606","doi":"","title":"How the Timing of Grade Retention Affects Outcomes: Identification and Estimation of Time-Varying Treatment Effects","year":2011,"lang":"en","type":"preprint","venue":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","topic":"School Choice and Performance","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":8,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Western University","funders":"","keywords":"Unobservable; Grade retention; Identification (biology); Selection (genetic algorithm); Generalization; Promotion (chess); Differential (mechanical device); Function (biology); Estimation; Control (management); Computer science; Psychology; Differential effects; Retention time; Econometrics; Developmental psychology; Mathematics; Machine learning; Medicine; Artificial intelligence; Economics; Engineering; Academic achievement; Biology","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002250212,0.0001355172,0.0003179624,0.000235284,0.00024017,0.0001110611,0.0002973125,0.0002116052,0.000009890625],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0007163453,0.0001101007,0.0001008449,0.0001087674,0.0003505788,0.0002294487,0.0001501802,0.0003142392,0.000002009109],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0003629255,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002153546,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0007942147,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0005987103,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9983952,0.0004676958,0.0002934953,0.0003297086,0.0002477261,0.0002661541],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9981518,0.0009163728,0.0003659224,0.0004346455,0.00007233957,0.00005896828],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001258299,0.0003094533,0.09229098,0.00154799,0.0003184715,0.000003922454,0.03042502,0.005180059,0.004094904,0.001094202,0.00004346207,0.8645657],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.003515057,0.0009883309,0.790161,0.003495358,0.0003588979,0.000004856179,0.009826193,0.119602,0.04979444,0.01909414,0.001726539,0.001433254],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9919497,0.0001727868,0.00001416049,0.0004923947,0.0002030976,0.0009870965,0.00000808941,0.0000137406,0.006158955],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9918509,0.006472303,0.0002485958,0.000004969283,0.00007184357,0.0001309348,0.00002248187,0.00001342349,0.0011846],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.8631325,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4489777,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.07995823436297712,"score_gpt":0.3621526997086572,"score_spread":0.28219446534568,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}