{"id":"W3123971167","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.5522640","title":"Clustering Techniques and Their Effect on Portfolio Formation and Risk Analysis","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"SSRN Electronic Journal","topic":"Complex Systems and Time Series Analysis","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia; University of British Columbia Hospital","funders":"","keywords":"Cluster analysis; Visual analytics; Portfolio; Computer science; Analytics; Data mining; Context (archaeology); Hierarchical clustering; Data science; Econometrics; Visualization; Machine learning; Finance; Business; Mathematics; Geography","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001656925,0.0001297504,0.000404762,0.0007375791,0.0002530497,0.0001273085,0.0000849342,0.00005335243,0.00002623696],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002661195,0.0001111975,0.0001623502,0.0004948558,0.00002043686,0.0001753957,0.00004366285,0.0004579911,0.000004304939],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002414843,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002894328,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0004778863,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001172467,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988086,0.00003532316,0.000396871,0.0001963538,0.00002178129,0.0005411193],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994376,0.00004654477,0.000313129,0.00014934,0.00001782476,0.00003554917],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001322359,0.00004204227,0.2330156,0.00005865654,0.005949588,0.000002662026,0.0002787421,0.000222047,0.00002657389,0.4324536,0.00007944624,0.3277388],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002404214,0.002494915,0.05596036,0.0001422588,0.001380267,0.0003787646,0.002133881,0.0992566,0.0004791229,0.7769119,0.05737743,0.001080322],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8696223,0.01564352,0.1018532,0.0002235877,0.00006515162,0.0001730707,0.00001996775,0.00003919744,0.01235997],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9884834,0.01039175,0.00004605211,0.00001955217,0.00005151975,0.000006466717,0.000003525275,0.000007245862,0.0009904641],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3444582,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4534503,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.005347055664561438,"score_gpt":0.2004724162407236,"score_spread":0.1951253605761622,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}