{"id":"W3124331650","doi":"10.1353/tlj.2011.0037","title":"'Necessity knows no law': On extreme cases and uncodifiable necessities","year":2011,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"University of Toronto Law Journal","topic":"Torture, Ethics, and Law","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":5,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Deontological ethics; Dignity; Normative; Torture; Context (archaeology); Consequentialism; Law; Law and economics; Epistemology; Sociology; Political science; Philosophy; Human rights; History","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["sts","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000478545,0.0001021542,0.0001875537,0.0000154961,0.00191303,0.00005305888,0.0003008136,0.0001447854,0.003925601],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00005402887,0.0001048419,0.0000817203,0.00001987058,0.001064871,0.0008956775,0.0000572417,0.0002266412,0.0000116679],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000206173,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00011341,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.535616,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.7914721,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9989477,0.0002150289,0.000112746,0.000147057,0.0003291062,0.0002482973],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991114,0.0001550966,0.0001698378,0.0001168388,0.0002103484,0.0002365079],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002465463,0.0001473777,0.002050944,0.00001982627,0.00005977482,0.0001721112,0.04510668,0.000001624264,0.00003308104,0.9461596,0.004358854,0.001643569],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0006613561,0.0003043985,0.003389008,0.0001237099,0.00006722866,0.00002153508,0.05365008,0.00000610174,0.0000724347,0.002452567,0.9389968,0.000254761],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.05194505,0.0009966736,0.00002748852,0.0001926414,0.0004819907,0.00005890076,0.00001262219,0.00002998705,0.9462547],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9907197,0.001059828,0.00084628,0.000198047,0.0002516524,3.235635e-8,8.524433e-7,0.000005656862,0.006917936],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.943707,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9993864,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.07944835856887593,"score_gpt":0.2588722052557187,"score_spread":0.1794238466868428,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}