{"id":"W3124411764","doi":"10.2196/21331","title":"Detection of Bulbar Involvement in Patients With Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis by Machine Learning Voice Analysis: Diagnostic Decision Support Development Study","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"JMIR Medical Informatics","topic":"Voice and Speech Disorders","field":"Medicine","cited_by":23,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; Bulbar palsy; Audiology; Medicine; Phonation; Speech recognition; Psychology; Computer science; Neuroscience; Disease; Pathology","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004117402,0.0001745636,0.0004839505,0.0003078684,0.00006409315,0.00001945359,0.0001013489,0.0001156032,0.000220929],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0004239198,0.0001312009,0.0000667819,0.001023196,0.00004339178,0.0001617324,0.00009155409,0.0004091581,0.00002312623],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001151219,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002198072,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00006023558,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0006634105,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9970829,0.00005441,0.0009835244,0.0001451993,0.001476014,0.000257955],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9989777,0.0001480302,0.0002155552,0.0002161104,0.0002180476,0.0002245523],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001752193,0.001916851,0.9675028,0.0001479991,0.0004092393,0.00002073286,0.005558655,0.00008813139,0.00002074069,2.454384e-7,0.00005702269,0.02410234],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.006759261,0.001437338,0.9831163,0.0003617023,0.0003652165,0.000001879014,0.003330564,0.003168805,0.0005242085,0.000001451481,0.0007599075,0.0001734136],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9977276,0.00004414446,0.001524249,0.00005530778,0.00003275746,0.0005440218,0.000003501992,0.0000258869,0.00004248403],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9981186,0.00006721978,0.0008964982,0.000452743,0.000008610836,0.00006462928,0.0003308078,0.00001239901,0.00004846866],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.02392893,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5350217,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01053194836638826,"score_gpt":0.2527546002337515,"score_spread":0.2422226518673632,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}