{"id":"W3124622972","doi":"","title":"Investments in Pharmaceuticals Before and After TRIPS","year":2009,"lang":"en","type":"preprint","venue":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","topic":"Intellectual Property and Patents","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":4,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Intellectual property; TRIPS architecture; TRIPS Agreement; Investment (military); Business; Access to medicines; Developing country; International trade; Drug prices; Public economics; Development economics; International economics; Economic growth; Economics; Political science; Law; Engineering","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001631147,0.0003124945,0.0004520447,0.0009134046,0.00009264261,0.0003956555,0.0004397427,0.0003740781,0.000310457],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0003573167,0.0002954318,0.00008751195,0.0002004004,0.0002018305,0.0003681317,0.001238429,0.001588159,0.0001003479],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002643787,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00009672021,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002185647,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0007007786,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9976262,0.00008524405,0.0005681919,0.0007552082,0.0002202509,0.0007448455],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992653,0.00009264766,0.0001130536,0.000403576,0.00007963511,0.00004583206],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.001247448,0.0006101374,0.1257264,0.001352894,0.0001180396,0.0003154468,0.0006988796,0.0008232438,0.00004658842,0.001392811,0.0004420755,0.867226],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.007771141,0.0002165496,0.41016,0.003514333,0.00009625363,0.00002030758,0.001048028,0.1419482,0.0002680798,0.1230252,0.3088653,0.003066616],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8686414,0.0002863868,3.873762e-7,0.0005494853,0.0002767049,0.0008699411,0.000007884063,0.00002910119,0.1293387],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9928501,0.002862212,0.0000814247,0.002220079,0.0005228249,0.0001477322,0.00004203944,0.00004647785,0.001227133],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.8641594,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999498,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.1310674660363178,"score_gpt":0.32051866934555,"score_spread":0.1894512033092322,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}