{"id":"W3124622972","doi":"","title":"Investments in Pharmaceuticals Before and After TRIPS","year":2009,"lang":"en","type":"preprint","venue":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","topic":"Intellectual Property and Patents","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":4,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Intellectual property; TRIPS architecture; TRIPS Agreement; Investment (military); Business; Access to medicines; Developing country; International trade; Drug prices; Public economics; Development economics; International economics; Economic growth; Economics; Political science; Law; Engineering","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001392768,0.000313897,0.0003992144,0.002029612,0.001051969,0.004194123,0.0006681933,0.001910606,0.02219976],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0106765,0.0002153848,0.0008448401,0.002954461,0.000873895,0.002745511,0.001588088,0.002167636,0.002098185],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.005781463,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.004282139,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.02535532,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.02573481,"domain_scores_codex":[0.997721,0.0002470523,0.00008965185,0.0002062546,0.0007398176,0.0009961829],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9836463,0.005375768,0.007052518,0.0005503523,0.001293509,0.002081668],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.001683548,0.0009385422,0.4250599,0.001194645,0.0007382171,0.003999843,0.001667067,0.02434226,0.003033882,0.3063884,0.03848008,0.1924736],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001917169,0.001126889,0.6809992,0.0005623067,0.0006356523,0.001842497,0.003654781,0.009022435,0.004559341,0.03308577,0.2642016,0.0001178145],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.7226211,0.009876545,0.001886475,0.01920381,0.0003298744,0.0001740402,0.0102596,0.0001458877,0.2355026],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9617579,0.004842169,0.000357126,0.0009315459,0.0002305373,0.00004211878,0.002978084,0.00001353411,0.02884694],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.02535532,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.07426566,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.1310674660363178,"score_gpt":0.32051866934555,"score_spread":0.1894512033092322,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}