{"id":"W3124773928","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2341037","title":"High Frequency Trading and Price Discovery","year":2013,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"SSRN Electronic Journal","topic":"Financial Markets and Investment Strategies","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":38,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"Queen's University","funders":"","keywords":"Price discovery; High-frequency trading; Business; Financial economics; Econometrics; Economics; Algorithmic trading; Futures contract","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000631628,0.0001311947,0.0002298277,0.0001228351,0.0001882596,0.0003063918,0.0001503271,0.0000609549,0.0002050873],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00004724889,0.0001260398,0.000063796,0.0001110745,0.00005286235,0.001323438,0.00002046572,0.0006483284,0.00009893967],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0003167938,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001831861,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0007771566,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00006357131,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9981688,0.00001168357,0.000373023,0.0002078489,0.00003187171,0.001206765],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995667,0.00002217492,0.0002237956,0.0001083714,0.00001649768,0.00006250193],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000002841466,0.00001993256,0.01410567,0.00000484389,0.00003813954,7.298092e-7,0.00004989368,8.508457e-7,0.0000668822,0.9843531,0.0001779743,0.001179099],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002835546,0.0001406292,0.04741273,0.000008450164,0.000003457231,0.00005796322,0.0002057656,0.00005546531,0.000009946895,0.9508146,0.0008421688,0.0001652591],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9596647,0.01068306,0.003301898,0.001327882,0.0003277668,0.0001305069,0.000006498797,0.00001832959,0.02453933],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9893835,0.007872307,0.0002275883,0.0001849601,0.0002237448,0.00001027384,0.000001818035,0.00001711631,0.002078708],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.03353854,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5139752,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01055672316374968,"score_gpt":0.1812406508538084,"score_spread":0.1706839276900587,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}