{"id":"W3125964471","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3183402","title":"Patent Policy and American Innovation after eBay: An Empirical Examination","year":2018,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"SSRN Electronic Journal","topic":"Intellectual Property and Patents","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":6,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"Quest University Canada; Kellogg's (Canada)","funders":"","keywords":"Presumption; Intellectual property; Supreme court; Patent troll; Scope (computer science); Investment (military); Patentable subject matter; Venture capital; Business; Productivity; Patent office; Empirical evidence; Law and economics; Economics; Public economics; Patent law; Law; Finance; Political science; Economic growth; Patentability","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0059166,0.0001790555,0.0007558294,0.002501368,0.002817209,0.006625801,0.001011616,0.004189501,0.008461462],"category_scores_gemma":[0.03471796,0.0001791637,0.0005662355,0.004643964,0.003578195,0.004892295,0.002177689,0.004082597,0.0006697359],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.004199713,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.006301115,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.02597431,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.03195978,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9970944,0.0006551679,0.000170086,0.0003459354,0.0007290126,0.0010054],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9316767,0.03998326,0.01714393,0.00150532,0.004797303,0.004893492],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.003144506,0.004001212,0.7407683,0.0002905421,0.0003129381,0.001799962,0.005801023,0.003529751,0.001631491,0.1577458,0.009153417,0.07182112],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000299887,0.001193357,0.9095182,0.0002360064,0.0005085757,0.0004118562,0.0140901,0.002758341,0.002434392,0.03506374,0.03339166,0.00009385816],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9690738,0.002252528,0.0002006493,0.005973909,0.00004443576,0.00001989452,0.0001651981,0.00001147887,0.0222581],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9942888,0.001091913,0.00005323505,0.0006139405,0.0001282807,0.00001295307,0.000102091,0.000004430544,0.003704426],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.02597431,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.05164623,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.08112969951153795,"score_gpt":0.274799053134783,"score_spread":0.1936693536232451,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}