{"id":"W3127387747","doi":"10.1007/s11881-021-00214-4","title":"Exploring sources of poor reading comprehension in English language learners","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Annals of Dyslexia","topic":"Reading and Literacy Development","field":"Psychology","cited_by":28,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"Wilfrid Laurier University; Ministry of Education and Child Care; University of Toronto","funders":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Reading comprehension; Psychology; Vocabulary; Fluency; Ell; Comprehension; Vocabulary development; Metalinguistics; Linguistics; Reading (process); Cognitive psychology; Mathematics education; Teaching method","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001484652,0.0002860607,0.0004350348,0.003567602,0.0007938324,0.002687613,0.000566445,0.0005746785,0.003537965],"category_scores_gemma":[0.02100049,0.0003121101,0.0002557615,0.002070205,0.0007104631,0.00145035,0.001338177,0.0007452299,0.000398752],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001039127,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001649738,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.009652277,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.009199659,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9990063,0.0003763783,0.0001212471,0.00009616221,0.000266116,0.0001337677],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9776797,0.01317539,0.005382017,0.0004431785,0.002560441,0.0007593096],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001891741,0.0002633676,0.9471701,0.00009902561,0.00005805143,0.002427309,0.03234943,0.00006539939,0.0007348901,0.0003931564,0.0002645825,0.01598557],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001683972,0.0002221878,0.9392783,0.0001750609,0.0001143807,0.003283754,0.05405562,0.0004078245,0.0009343175,0.0006279576,0.0008556177,0.00002815548],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9985539,0.0001181971,0.00005230628,0.0001123458,0.000001727488,0.000005604016,0.00005032947,0.000004555285,0.001101011],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9993643,0.00009574628,0.00006292544,0.00001738338,0.000003617488,0.000005241584,0.00004528931,0.000005708012,0.0003998084],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.009652277,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.01919222,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.1445206452342647,"score_gpt":0.3606746052742202,"score_spread":0.2161539600399556,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}