{"id":"W3129068943","doi":"10.1093/aje/kwab028","title":"Biases in Evaluating the Safety and Effectiveness of Drugs for the Treatment of COVID-19: Designing Real-World Evidence Studies","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"American Journal of Epidemiology","topic":"COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies","field":"Medicine","cited_by":41,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Jewish General Hospital","funders":"Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research; Canadian Institutes of Health Research; Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University; Jewish General Hospital; McGill University; Seqirus; Atara Biotherapeutics; Pfizer","keywords":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19); 2019-20 coronavirus outbreak; Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); Real world evidence; Medicine; MEDLINE; Betacoronavirus; Pandemic; Intensive care medicine; Virology; Pharmacology; Risk analysis (engineering); Internal medicine; Outbreak; Disease; Biology","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch","sts"],"consensus_categories":["metaresearch"],"category_scores_codex":[0.04791477,0.0003470392,0.008042953,0.0003323366,0.0001411177,0.000002721941,0.0003045711,0.00007409341,0.000006536401],"category_scores_gemma":[0.6638439,0.0001477149,0.001063949,0.000836401,0.002949633,0.00003253267,0.0001686558,0.0005084045,1.4348e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001053867,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.003339464,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001302606,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00008779753,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9786044,0.01708191,0.003112103,0.0004155466,0.0003334102,0.0004525645],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.1578932,0.8364467,0.004208487,0.0004879643,0.0007577233,0.0002059352],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":"methods","domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.001946895,0.000140732,0.009729594,0.01757959,0.003668758,0.0000278807,0.0008629573,0.0009190522,0.000003899621,0.0001166615,0.00004349398,0.9649605],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.007966199,0.08748427,0.02193718,0.407261,0.02910162,0.0002312688,0.01133641,0.001031897,0.00001996387,0.001978174,0.4308188,0.0008331171],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.0008414049,0.9913411,0.001666755,0.00431906,0.0001051564,0.001702426,0.00001844586,0.000002814651,0.000002876111],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.002473955,0.9949678,0.001736655,0.0004158812,0.0001666107,0.0001970966,0.000002808062,0.00002214112,0.00001710829],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9641274,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9997638,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.5885919130209523,"score_gpt":0.6586604591727819,"score_spread":0.07006854615182967,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}