{"id":"W3131290383","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2021.116955","title":"Pilot-scale comparison of sodium silicates, orthophosphate and pH adjustment to reduce lead release from lead service lines","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Water Research","topic":"Heavy metals in environment","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":31,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Wilfrid Laurier University; Dalhousie University; University of Waterloo","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Lead (geology); Scale (ratio); Chemistry; Sodium; Environmental science; Service (business); Business; Geology; Marketing; Geography; Organic chemistry; Geomorphology","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"category_scores_codex":[0.0009146485,0.0002026397,0.0003461701,0.00005615699,0.000172071,0.0000450596,0.0004330963,0.00007189506,0.002453083],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00008731249,0.0001616154,0.0000435593,0.0003715664,0.0003329668,0.0001401879,0.001635835,0.0003823304,0.003413848],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002079159,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002463995,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.005273282,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001484988,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9964339,0.0004326989,0.0004540992,0.0008059383,0.001136524,0.0007368253],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9986323,0.00009391165,0.00004057084,0.0008330203,0.00004705621,0.0003531067],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001581512,0.0005602956,0.02631456,0.00004283123,0.00001800211,0.0000199662,0.001959635,0.0004445612,0.952087,0.000002378231,0.003144857,0.01524772],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004386874,0.000270332,0.04787659,0.00004476958,0.00001355194,0.000002796268,0.0005169544,0.000860144,0.9287762,0.0001486432,0.02086097,0.0001903827],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9919555,0.0009046369,0.00004492839,0.005222019,0.0001280897,0.000473989,0.00003266719,0.00002236482,0.001215763],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9908118,0.000225339,0.003772782,0.0003568853,0.0000842021,0.00009378968,0.00005407465,0.00003500339,0.004566118],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.02331086,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9984588,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.08408767453893423,"score_gpt":0.3540035344638661,"score_spread":0.2699158599249319,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}