{"id":"W3134292291","doi":"10.1063/5.0037732","title":"Evolution of turbulent pipe flow recovery over a square bar roughness element at a range of Reynolds numbers","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Physics of Fluids","topic":"Fluid Dynamics and Turbulent Flows","field":"Engineering","cited_by":13,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"","keywords":"Reynolds number; Turbulence; Mechanics; Physics; Reynolds stress; Reynolds equation; Reynolds stress equation model; Shear stress; Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations; Pipe flow; Geometry; Turbulence kinetic energy; Mathematics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001153937,0.0002090919,0.000436377,0.00005351594,0.00002517035,0.000006982063,0.0001537875,0.0000922988,0.0001389768],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001501935,0.0002311675,0.0002798156,0.0003112284,0.00004419199,0.0001507456,0.00009297957,0.0001011149,0.000007926204],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002626709,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00005671434,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000908353,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00002057375,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9985975,0.0000298729,0.0005060802,0.0002210786,0.0004000744,0.0002453907],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991191,0.00004377811,0.00008542537,0.0004871032,0.0002087457,0.00005586266],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001874506,0.0006792986,0.01000611,0.002672162,0.0006192492,0.00001860213,0.001321146,0.7041966,0.2613899,0.01014375,0.00413463,0.004631112],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001670502,0.0001524392,0.007737742,0.0004286228,0.0001518638,0.0000045766,0.0000616305,0.8905975,0.09546263,0.002411491,0.0008908569,0.0004301261],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9812275,0.001972396,0.01463595,0.00002920073,0.000443634,0.0001921455,0.000225789,0.00004865092,0.001224772],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9976191,0.0003604628,0.001654816,0.000009735309,0.0001004589,0.00001683977,0.00008232861,0.00004509178,0.0001111481],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1864009,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9426739,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.006867322114227602,"score_gpt":0.203410801627925,"score_spread":0.1965434795136974,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}