{"id":"W3135505682","doi":"10.5430/rwe.v12n2p289","title":"The Causality Relationships Between the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia’s (KSA) Military Expenditure and Economic Growth in the Period From 1987 to 2019","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Research in World Economy","topic":"Defense, Military, and Policy Studies","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Granger causality; Economics; Causality (physics); Gross domestic product; Econometrics; Gross fixed capital formation; Real gross domestic product; Time series; Macroeconomics; Monetary economics; Mathematics; Statistics","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000454049,0.0002091392,0.0001484425,0.001244686,0.0002100314,0.0009951773,0.000134678,0.0002011668,0.001385702],"category_scores_gemma":[0.002037417,0.00007772518,0.0002299088,0.001817519,0.0002542458,0.0004809888,0.0005014894,0.0004846199,0.0002819959],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001024057,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001143517,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.05011327,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.04623698,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9997792,0.00003344646,0.00003401551,0.00003096414,0.00005307867,0.0000694803],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9977314,0.0004726815,0.001048371,0.00005509243,0.0005327029,0.0001598105],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00008471488,0.00002661793,0.9883068,0.00005884847,0.00007014362,0.0002372808,0.0003696882,0.0009608393,0.0002228035,0.001174172,0.0007882786,0.007699708],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000002841474,0.00002765153,0.9939958,0.00003999563,0.00003210271,0.00008230036,0.001383983,0.001408898,0.0002579345,0.000122027,0.002640141,0.000006262821],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.995684,0.0004165939,0.0001026263,0.0004096152,0.00001651754,0.000004813295,0.001280981,0.000003978514,0.002080885],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9972963,0.0005165545,0.00006975561,0.0000226979,0.00001307749,0.000003476768,0.001447402,0.000001096011,0.0006297487],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.05011327,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.09964311,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.1560620558738349,"score_gpt":0.3391274880343988,"score_spread":0.183065432160564,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}