{"id":"W3135512806","doi":"10.1007/978-3-030-65536-5_4","title":"Natural Selection as a Mere Auxiliary Hypothesis (Sensu Stricto I. Lakatos) in Charles Darwin’s Origin of Species","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"book-chapter","venue":"Evolutionary Biology/Evolutionary biology","topic":"Evolution and Science Education","field":"Arts and Humanities","cited_by":11,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Lethbridge","funders":"","keywords":"Sensu stricto; Darwin (ADL); Natural selection; Selection (genetic algorithm); Genealogy; Origin of species; Charles darwin; Philosophy; Epistemology; Biology; Zoology; History; Computer science; Darwinism; Artificial intelligence","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":["sts"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001123313,0.0004162042,0.0003697517,0.0006680927,0.00113284,0.001840032,0.0007615925,0.001364897,0.003749578],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0013391,0.0002101188,0.0003180444,0.0007722783,0.009452853,0.004072535,0.001343496,0.002931546,0.001076342],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0007422553,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0006994415,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0005592846,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0009959466,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9995049,0.0002054354,0.00002408912,0.0001255366,0.0001062823,0.00003376716],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995027,0.0003554442,0.00003466299,0.00004199838,0.00004293894,0.00002231991],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000125198,0.000005111338,0.000103693,0.00007325199,0.000004334529,0.00005018745,0.0002857353,0.0001860054,0.0001718587,0.9783346,0.007549694,0.01322304],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000004823838,0.00001285647,0.0002961599,0.00005407512,0.000005088865,0.0001535841,0.00007358145,0.0002739037,0.0002421531,0.9159029,0.08297195,0.000008806063],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.02177922,0.1086676,0.07526395,0.05253613,0.01016452,0.00005521049,0.0002310234,0.0001357845,0.7311665],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.7098723,0.04300296,0.03831661,0.01753249,0.009179274,0.0002475911,0.0002525463,0.0003093007,0.1812869],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9988672,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.01254362,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.04862116871542765,"score_gpt":0.2579421291062365,"score_spread":0.2093209603908089,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}