{"id":"W3138108488","doi":"10.1007/s11948-021-00294-w","title":"Cognitive Enhancement: Unanswered Questions About Human Psychology and Social Behavior","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Science and Engineering Ethics","topic":"Neuroethics, Human Enhancement, Biomedical Innovations","field":"Neuroscience","cited_by":61,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"McGill University; Montreal Clinical Research Institute; Université du Québec à Montréal","funders":"Fonds de Recherche du Québec - Santé; Universität zu Köln; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; John Templeton Foundation","keywords":"Flourishing; Neuroethics; Psychology; Cognition; Autonomy; Mental health; Human enhancement; Social cognition; Social psychology; Cognitive psychology; Psychotherapist; Political science; Psychiatry","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[{"model":"gemma","categories":["sts"],"domain":null,"study_design":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre":"empirical","about_ca_system":false,"about_ca_topic":false,"confidence":"low","status":"direct model label, unvalidated"},{"model":"gpt","categories":[],"domain":null,"study_design":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre":"commentary","about_ca_system":false,"about_ca_topic":false,"confidence":"low","status":"direct model label, unvalidated"}],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0008278402,0.00012954,0.0001259563,0.0001796276,0.001097889,0.0001538791,0.0001770419,0.0001464956,0.00004320846],"category_scores_gemma":[0.002654147,0.0001410261,0.00001639677,0.0008947569,0.002151238,0.0002519905,0.0001609422,0.0009031733,0.000008071408],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003014256,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002109152,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000005370465,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000008415734,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9982287,0.00005514677,0.0002202605,0.0005703014,0.0005603606,0.0003652832],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9990476,0.0003106187,0.0000545415,0.0001429902,0.0003412635,0.0001029795],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000001007943,0.00005621545,0.000031154,0.00003095921,0.000001488522,0.0000183681,0.001122244,7.537651e-7,0.9135589,0.0837193,0.00002862096,0.001431009],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001112765,0.0003079289,0.02857517,0.0002550827,0.00006587521,0.0001284537,0.0003983031,0.0005465365,0.9504957,0.006855079,0.01049259,0.0007664985],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9841868,0.00008442701,0.006165747,0.006898414,0.0007470483,0.000207501,0.00003710847,0.0001409507,0.001532045],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9949558,0.0002099228,0.0004139972,0.004060447,0.00006918386,0.00004476247,0.000004920648,0.00001220864,0.000228799],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.07686421,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8444187,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.1269012850138401,"score_gpt":0.4184645953661176,"score_spread":0.2915633103522776,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}