{"id":"W3138953784","doi":"10.1016/j.mlwa.2021.100032","title":"A benchmark study of machine learning models for online fake news detection","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Machine Learning with Applications","topic":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":234,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Calgary","funders":"Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology","keywords":"Benchmark (surveying); Computer science; Fake news; Machine learning; Online learning; Artificial intelligence; Data science; World Wide Web; Internet privacy; Geography; Cartography","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00686593,0.002644157,0.00137377,0.002683551,0.001002181,0.001782523,0.001671937,0.002316907,0.001355996],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0196485,0.000420558,0.001274684,0.001823689,0.0008550069,0.002813346,0.001386426,0.002892,0.001044135],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.002126539,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001216506,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.01319325,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.01097367,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9961438,0.001806182,0.0004352402,0.0007098911,0.0005972443,0.0003076751],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9847528,0.008212097,0.0009959944,0.002661444,0.002993863,0.0003838765],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.002345257,0.002951144,0.03584875,0.002363923,0.001467042,0.00060607,0.0003735234,0.5146163,0.005947604,0.005484004,0.04280309,0.3851933],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001387431,0.001176536,0.008247348,0.0002049679,0.0001782509,0.0002521561,0.0002781771,0.9700169,0.009747267,0.003771887,0.005914526,0.00007328916],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8486068,0.02895479,0.08335057,0.004268593,0.001747733,0.0007919473,0.01013611,0.004860506,0.01728285],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9078106,0.00317278,0.06783748,0.0006144691,0.0003640524,0.0003927623,0.01529201,0.000196116,0.004319664],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.01319325,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.03631097,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.03451464812382177,"score_gpt":0.3184803752968325,"score_spread":0.2839657271730108,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}