{"id":"W3138953784","doi":"10.1016/j.mlwa.2021.100032","title":"A benchmark study of machine learning models for online fake news detection","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Machine Learning with Applications","topic":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":234,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Calgary","funders":"Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology","keywords":"Benchmark (surveying); Computer science; Fake news; Machine learning; Online learning; Artificial intelligence; Data science; World Wide Web; Internet privacy; Geography; Cartography","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004422648,0.0001313254,0.0002088182,0.0001222339,0.001002723,0.00007965709,0.0001573681,0.00006620397,0.0001323147],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0003462913,0.0001201483,0.0000558583,0.000745918,0.00005660387,0.0002563189,0.00003796454,0.000347624,0.000006886284],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00005645699,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001560619,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.003037294,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0222978,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9986332,0.0002013952,0.0003301535,0.0002361327,0.0003525415,0.0002465801],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9988388,0.0001996994,0.0002879184,0.0002122572,0.0003296578,0.0001316075],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002685037,0.002648251,0.02661918,0.0001768126,0.0002445979,0.000002130316,0.1226081,0.3742455,0.001269287,0.01497728,0.0001490971,0.4567912],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.004086738,0.001350762,0.007342725,0.00006453449,0.0002114418,0.0000112844,0.08899572,0.4673532,0.0003748357,0.001362687,0.4282023,0.000643708],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.4377876,0.0002916973,0.5369641,0.00140129,0.00006320874,0.002576109,0.0000619998,0.0003689013,0.0204851],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9910557,0.0000685599,0.004650995,0.00009448316,0.00009350029,0.0001259255,0.0002330011,0.00002109887,0.003656729],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.5532681,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9955427,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.03451464812382177,"score_gpt":0.3184803752968325,"score_spread":0.2839657271730108,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}