{"id":"W3139188517","doi":"10.1093/mnras/stab744","title":"Classification of 4XMM-DR9 sources by machine learning","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society","topic":"Astronomical Observations and Instrumentation","field":"Engineering","cited_by":21,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Colorado Boulder; Jet Propulsion Laboratory; Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias; Office of Science; Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie; Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik; Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory; National Development and Reform Commission; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; U.S. Department of Energy; Smithsonian Institution; National Natural Science Foundation of China; Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Oxford; York University; Carnegie Institution for Science; Leibniz-Gemeinschaft; University of Notre Dame; Carnegie Mellon University; Alfred P. Sloan Foundation; University of Washington; European Space Agency; Johns Hopkins University; Carnegie Institution of Washington; University of Utah; Ohio State University; New Mexico State University; University of California, Los Angeles; University of Portsmouth; Vanderbilt University; Yale University; California Institute of Technology; Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação; National Aeronautics and Space Administration","keywords":"LAMOST; Physics; Sky; Quasar; Astrophysics; Galaxy; Random forest; Stars; Telescope; Astronomy; Artificial intelligence; Computer science","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001255728,0.0008242527,0.0004883021,0.008205353,0.0003446389,0.0008410824,0.0009697381,0.0006645556,0.003963238],"category_scores_gemma":[0.002660332,0.000225535,0.00101137,0.004410396,0.0002104307,0.0006204885,0.000946823,0.000385942,0.003771652],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000513646,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002040225,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.003070953,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002249633,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992515,0.0001224523,0.0000699766,0.0002087849,0.0002612376,0.00008603814],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9985298,0.0003714076,0.0003370674,0.000284587,0.0003688682,0.0001081581],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.001240506,0.0004910603,0.4377814,0.0005174862,0.0006019851,0.0009843492,0.0001883076,0.05249206,0.0229858,0.002419098,0.03055342,0.4497446],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001764966,0.0001455998,0.6021749,0.000106944,0.0001026325,0.0004553912,0.000153471,0.3509929,0.01758403,0.003523759,0.02450786,0.00007606846],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8970712,0.002185391,0.04676004,0.0004037251,0.0001982576,0.0003481898,0.03954903,0.006310318,0.007173766],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.7783824,0.0004345949,0.09979868,0.0001154214,0.0002098888,0.0001966127,0.1175132,0.0004750386,0.002874052],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.008205353,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.01325834,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.008497539803065467,"score_gpt":0.1878697906006249,"score_spread":0.1793722507975594,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}