{"id":"W3139188517","doi":"10.1093/mnras/stab744","title":"Classification of 4XMM-DR9 sources by machine learning","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society","topic":"Astronomical Observations and Instrumentation","field":"Engineering","cited_by":21,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Colorado Boulder; Jet Propulsion Laboratory; Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias; Office of Science; Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie; Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik; Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory; National Development and Reform Commission; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; U.S. Department of Energy; Smithsonian Institution; National Natural Science Foundation of China; Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Oxford; York University; Carnegie Institution for Science; Leibniz-Gemeinschaft; University of Notre Dame; Carnegie Mellon University; Alfred P. Sloan Foundation; University of Washington; European Space Agency; Johns Hopkins University; Carnegie Institution of Washington; University of Utah; Ohio State University; New Mexico State University; University of California, Los Angeles; University of Portsmouth; Vanderbilt University; Yale University; California Institute of Technology; Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação; National Aeronautics and Space Administration","keywords":"LAMOST; Physics; Sky; Quasar; Astrophysics; Galaxy; Random forest; Stars; Telescope; Astronomy; Artificial intelligence; Computer science","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00008884123,0.0001058576,0.0001785567,0.000006409069,0.00006962187,0.00001792894,0.0001788032,0.00006589766,0.00008227631],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001805742,0.00008953042,0.0002155795,0.00008015144,0.00008864946,0.00008802293,0.00006767517,0.0001805599,0.000003415332],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00007305781,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001689494,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00007945967,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000103036,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992509,0.00003589712,0.0003350593,0.0001282506,0.0001065643,0.0001432562],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995661,0.00006034204,0.0001375189,0.0001594505,0.00003771482,0.00003887562],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00000420427,0.00003689417,0.1131489,0.00002251737,0.00006090473,4.170488e-9,0.0001193627,0.880762,0.003591847,0.00003416687,0.0004592373,0.001759965],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001928512,0.00001577172,0.2179609,0.00001241004,0.00002837536,2.065569e-9,0.0003074571,0.7677586,0.01206733,0.00000335852,0.001588501,0.00006438952],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9981433,0.000256354,0.0008101066,0.0001886928,0.0001024311,0.00006881943,0.00005609899,0.00003124131,0.0003429375],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9951757,7.642408e-7,0.00452777,0.00000802365,0.00003802514,0.00000553011,0.0000783432,0.0000151904,0.0001506058],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1130034,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3650945,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.008497539803065467,"score_gpt":0.1878697906006249,"score_spread":0.1793722507975594,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}