{"id":"W3139974640","doi":"","title":"The Underground Economy in Canada","year":2005,"lang":"en","type":"preprint","venue":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","topic":"Taxation and Compliance Studies","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":8,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Unobservable; Economics; Liberian dollar; Economy; Currency; Econometrics; Enforcement; Macroeconomics","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005116604,0.0001295776,0.0002962507,0.001760635,0.002585024,0.002341897,0.000534659,0.0003873548,0.004894306],"category_scores_gemma":[0.004131855,0.0001233423,0.0003107391,0.006333971,0.0009702792,0.0008633634,0.001222358,0.0007988582,0.0002114611],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.04926229,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.06525265,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.9972073,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.9979162,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992367,0.00004415189,0.00002544249,0.0000762003,0.0003342633,0.0002831941],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9970629,0.0003690112,0.0005213315,0.00009271541,0.001507917,0.0004461074],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002086122,0.00008718456,0.6930547,0.0003587806,0.0001060744,0.001375873,0.01429376,0.006484026,0.0005927583,0.1151174,0.05848875,0.1098321],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001779384,0.00002399683,0.8974496,0.0002575861,0.00004737089,0.0001660858,0.01461884,0.005573557,0.0003844803,0.003961215,0.07743021,0.00006911618],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9194729,0.002679625,0.0008849456,0.007735545,0.00004902353,0.00005199036,0.01224925,0.00005676995,0.05681997],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9881651,0.00150608,0.0003766191,0.0002319732,0.000007999484,0.00001025929,0.002186966,0.00001299056,0.007502004],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.04926229,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3574246,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.05405073881087157,"score_gpt":0.2803391625451996,"score_spread":0.226288423734328,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}