{"id":"W3140948193","doi":"10.1257/app.20210807","title":"Affirmative Action and Precollege Human Capital","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Economic Journal Applied Economics","topic":"Migration and Labor Dynamics","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":17,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Calgary","funders":"Connaught Fund; Princeton University; Purdue University; Collegio Carlo Alberto; Texas Education Agency; Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development; Spencer Foundation; Andrew W. Mellon Foundation; National Science Foundation","keywords":"Affirmative action; Human capital; Attendance; Investment (military); Test (biology); Standardized test; Supreme court; Demographic economics; Action (physics); Political science; Capital (architecture); Economics; Psychology; Law; Mathematics education; Economic growth; History","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002079591,0.0001941113,0.0002772464,0.0006743633,0.001030969,0.001699066,0.0003796357,0.0007646143,0.006415461],"category_scores_gemma":[0.01249435,0.00009817913,0.0002460831,0.0008846371,0.001772995,0.0008422486,0.001847414,0.001143631,0.0004196601],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001720374,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001817378,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.01141091,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.01767749,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9982052,0.0006323771,0.00005834974,0.0001673184,0.0002231186,0.0007136887],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9795927,0.008524628,0.007746444,0.0008023307,0.0006172503,0.002716567],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0004756089,0.00206488,0.8734263,0.00008203874,0.0001947891,0.0002597547,0.001587551,0.006351723,0.001094303,0.05009259,0.003800808,0.06056966],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00004955294,0.0003714247,0.950357,0.00009685299,0.00009393331,0.0000571884,0.002123756,0.003277515,0.001212649,0.03402239,0.008308792,0.00002898256],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9860826,0.0004305435,0.0005066774,0.00258679,0.00003469542,0.00001439866,0.0002478595,0.0000108826,0.01008563],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9988232,0.00009937663,0.00006413448,0.0001474803,0.00001849604,0.000007051924,0.00003852694,9.522777e-7,0.0008008378],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.01141091,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.02268898,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01804559787765251,"score_gpt":0.2929782683624433,"score_spread":0.2749326704847908,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}