{"id":"W3140948193","doi":"10.1257/app.20210807","title":"Affirmative Action and Precollege Human Capital","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Economic Journal Applied Economics","topic":"Migration and Labor Dynamics","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":17,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Calgary","funders":"Connaught Fund; Princeton University; Purdue University; Collegio Carlo Alberto; Texas Education Agency; Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development; Spencer Foundation; Andrew W. Mellon Foundation; National Science Foundation","keywords":"Affirmative action; Human capital; Attendance; Investment (military); Test (biology); Standardized test; Supreme court; Demographic economics; Action (physics); Political science; Capital (architecture); Economics; Psychology; Law; Mathematics education; Economic growth; History","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0006022135,0.0001234955,0.0002371618,0.0001825434,0.0008071806,0.0002340679,0.0001673322,0.0000513968,0.0002487048],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001066098,0.0001427109,0.00005735057,0.0001124941,0.000414533,0.0003078471,0.00003979275,0.0001975048,0.0003745406],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0004938256,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001917247,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0004573545,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.01430996,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9990451,0.00005225531,0.0003316597,0.0002040564,0.00003981441,0.0003271246],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991769,0.00008818421,0.0003933763,0.00009765062,0.00001659582,0.0002272542],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"qualitative","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00006179983,0.00005032986,0.006826627,0.000008510171,0.0002309532,0.000003315034,0.06884072,0.01010808,0.0001703212,0.792016,0.00861701,0.1130664],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002446573,0.0003110646,0.06014179,0.00001541987,0.00008856643,0.00007058955,0.4580414,0.009652482,0.0001409347,0.1195272,0.3478625,0.001701447],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9713835,0.000006365055,0.00004515146,0.001464114,0.000324051,0.000157516,0.00002441239,0.00008278212,0.02651212],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9957849,0.002003791,0.0001893602,0.0002546764,0.0004757745,0.00001491933,0.00001198745,0.00002022063,0.00124436],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.6724887,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7985293,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01804559787765251,"score_gpt":0.2929782683624433,"score_spread":0.2749326704847908,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}