{"id":"W3143095439","doi":"10.1257/pol.20190757","title":"When Does Product Liability Risk Chill Innovation? Evidence from Medical Implants","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Economic Journal Economic Policy","topic":"Intellectual Property and Patents","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":28,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Liability; Product liability; Upstream (networking); Downstream (manufacturing); Business; Product (mathematics); Significant difference; Affect (linguistics); Product innovation; Industrial organization; Actuarial science; Marketing; Finance; Medicine; Computer science; Psychology; Internal medicine","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.009752365,0.0002891934,0.0005010408,0.001434025,0.0007895883,0.003089141,0.001111249,0.003045584,0.01518709],"category_scores_gemma":[0.07452959,0.000258579,0.001233038,0.001316375,0.004517439,0.003305462,0.002426607,0.00345945,0.001126909],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001556031,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00126241,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0039488,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.003053527,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9928082,0.003265189,0.0005945071,0.0009178611,0.001698339,0.0007159106],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.7542128,0.1611445,0.06988168,0.007197184,0.003874873,0.003688936],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.006030217,0.001611574,0.7194761,0.00229203,0.001806638,0.001947392,0.002695173,0.005929041,0.001704573,0.0920666,0.01438402,0.1500566],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001095076,0.003576912,0.8590875,0.001908285,0.002035837,0.001143381,0.004102221,0.005149468,0.004282481,0.08337697,0.03407901,0.0001629553],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8791222,0.0274736,0.002927999,0.03362478,0.0002895441,0.00009111943,0.001036466,0.00006269012,0.05537154],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9935841,0.003259609,0.0001727289,0.001596157,0.0002124946,0.00001083615,0.0001067436,0.000007448383,0.001049764],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.01518709,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.05157602,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.05199771164629758,"score_gpt":0.2578556817563017,"score_spread":0.2058579701100042,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}