{"id":"W3148523720","doi":"10.1038/s41467-021-22265-2","title":"Identifying multiple sclerosis subtypes using unsupervised machine learning and MRI data","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Nature Communications","topic":"Multiple Sclerosis Research Studies","field":"Medicine","cited_by":255,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"McGill University; Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital","funders":"National Institute of Mental Health; Canadian Institutes of Health Research; EMD Serono; MedDay Pharmaceuticals; Eisai; University College London; Multiple Sclerosis Society of Canada; Genentech; National Multiple Sclerosis Society; International Progressive MS Alliance; Myelin Repair Foundation; IXICO; NIH Blueprint for Neuroscience Research; Multiple Sclerosis Trust; Multiple Sclerosis Society; European Committee for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis; American Academy of Neurology; F. Hoffmann-La Roche; Pfizer; Biogen; McDonnell Center for Systems Neuroscience; Celgene; National Institute for Health and Care Research; Medical Research Council; Teva Pharmaceutical Industries; Department of Health and Social Care; Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council; Acorda Therapeutics; University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; National Institutes of Health; Rosetrees Trust; European Commission; Sanofi","keywords":"Multiple sclerosis; Medicine; White matter; Lesion; Clinical trial; Limiting; Hyperintensity; Pathology; Machine learning; Magnetic resonance imaging; Bioinformatics; Neuroscience; Psychology; Computer science; Radiology; Biology; Psychiatry","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.003589219,0.0006916203,0.0008557029,0.003422154,0.0005087621,0.00125276,0.0008116856,0.0007224676,0.0006897466],"category_scores_gemma":[0.01019141,0.000197175,0.00128263,0.001676761,0.0004640699,0.0006120145,0.0008966168,0.0008255076,0.0005880486],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0005732676,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001245451,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.006469859,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.007319923,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9974731,0.001118168,0.0002951958,0.0005739743,0.0003484519,0.0001910974],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.995245,0.002175642,0.0008062241,0.0009402722,0.0006312285,0.0002016456],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.001313607,0.001219044,0.681811,0.000295221,0.001336377,0.0006010717,0.0004279469,0.05193844,0.008831412,0.00142611,0.007789146,0.2430107],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001942345,0.0005697426,0.3584574,0.0001537797,0.000308491,0.000885353,0.000630906,0.612144,0.007372448,0.0128916,0.006272387,0.0001196151],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9139671,0.001144107,0.07134163,0.0007061253,0.0001150658,0.0007682444,0.008214689,0.0008740671,0.002868935],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9350182,0.0002785318,0.04910197,0.0002028553,0.0001098135,0.0004087182,0.01401473,0.0000685336,0.0007966666],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.006469859,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.01898181,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.2549690966373321,"score_gpt":0.4102156895641029,"score_spread":0.1552465929267707,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}